218 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



July 10th, earlier and later dates being exceptional and dependent 

 respectively upon favourable and unfavourable meteorological conditions, 

 e.g., in the early season of 1893, the species was practically over by 

 early June, whilst, in 1881, and again in 1888, it was still to be found 

 in early August. That this difference is really meteorological is well 

 shown by the fact that, in most of its haunts, it affects the privet bloom, 

 and the blossoming of the privet in any given year is usually a good 

 sign as to the date at which the newly-emerged imagines are to be 

 obtained. In Ashton Wold, Eothschild says that "the butterflies 

 emerge about the third week in June, and are on the wing in some 

 seasons into July." A fortnight or three weeks appears to be about 

 the average time of emergence, and a fortnight perhaps the length of 

 an individual life. The rearing of seventeen larvae from Monk's Wood 

 in 1901 is noted by Raynor as follows : "I did not lose a single larva, 

 every one producing an imago. These emerged as follows : June 15th, 

 2 ; 16th, 4 ; 17th, 2 ; 18th, 1 ; 19th, 3 ; 20th, 3 ; 21st, 1 ; 22nd, 1." 

 He adds : " Most of the early emergences were $ s, no $ appearing 

 during the first four days. The $ s outnumbered the $ s in the ratio of 

 about 2 to 1." In the warmer parts of the continent, early June is a 

 more usual time of appearance, but the records of Central Europe are 

 very similar to our own ; thus — in Belgium, June and July (Lambillion) ; 

 in June and July, in Holland (Snellen) ; in Roumania, June 7th- July 

 23rd (Caradja); in Switzerland, mid- June to commencement of August 

 (Frey); in June, in the Valais (Favre); June 17th-27th near Geneva 

 (Blachier), and June 22nd- July 2nd, at Eclepens, in the Canton Vaud 

 (Lowe); in France, chiefly June, e.g., in June, in dept. Doubs (Bruand), 

 in the forest of Bondy and Wolckam (Villiers and Guenee), in Saone- 

 et-Loire (Constant), in Morbihan (Griffith) ; in June and July in the 

 Basses-Pyrenees (Rondou), etc. In Germany we note — end of May 

 and June for Hanover (Rehberg and Glitz. This record, Gillmer 

 thinks, must have been based on quite exceptional appearances) ; July 

 lst-7th, in the Elbing district (Schmidt) ; in June and July, 

 in Pomerania (Paul and Plotz) ; early June, 1889, at Krefeld 

 (Rothke) ; mid- June to beginning of July for Elberfeld and the 

 Rhine Provinces generally (Weymer) ; early June in 1868 (when 

 ilicis also was on the wing) (Fuchs) ; June 12th-20th, at Wies- 

 baden (Vigelius), and June, for Cassel (Borgmann), but mid- June 

 till end of July, at Frankfurt-on-Main (Koch), and end of June and 

 beginning of July for Rhoden and Waldeck (Speyer); June is noted 

 generally for Thuringia, June for Zeitz-on-Elster, July for the northern 

 slopes of the Steigerwald, June for Dessau (Richter), but end of June 

 to the middle of July for the Province of Saxony, generally (Jordan) ; 

 the end of June is given for Brandenburg (Kretschmer), and June and 

 July for the plain districts of Silesia (Doring), but Wocke gives end of 

 May and June for the same districts, whilst, in the Trebnitz mountains, 

 June and early July are mentioned for Obernigk (Nohr), and the end 

 of June at Seufzen (Pfitzner) ; in the Kingdom of Saxony, June and 

 July are given (Winckler), and June for Bavaria (Schmid, Kranz) ; 

 June and July, for Baden, both in the plains and foothills (Meess and 

 Spuler), although Gauckler only mentions June for the Durlach Wood, 

 and Lowe says that it was much worn at Freiburg on June 16th, 1901, 

 though only just emerging in the same spot on June 8th, 1906, 

 whilst Keynes observed it as just emerging on June 6th, 1906, but 



