226 BKITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



Baden, generally distributed — the Lake of Constance to the " Bergstrasse," in the 

 lowlands and the foothills (Meess and Spuler), Durlach Wood (Gauckler), Freiburg 

 {Keynes), Neu Breisach (Lowe); Bhine Palatinate (Bertram); Darmstadt — 

 Darmstadt (Schenk teste Glaser) ; Alsace — Colmar, very common, near the Semm- 

 wald, Mulhausen, Bouxwiller, Voipy (Cantener), Neuland, Fronholtz (Peyerimhoff). 

 Italy : Piedmont (de Prunner) ; Florence (Speyer), Boman Campagna {teste Buhl); 

 [? Modena (Carrucio). Fiori notes w- album only from Modena, but not pruni]; 

 Tuscany, common — near Salviano, Siena, Livorno, ?Pisa (Stefanelli) ; Sicily — 

 Madonie, singly (Mina-Palumbo) ; Osimo (Spada) ; Ficuzza, Marraccia (Marott). 

 Netherlands: Friesland, Limburg (Snellen) — Breda (teste HuhY) . Boumania: near 

 Grumazesti, Bistritza Valley, near Slanic (Caradja), near Dulcesti, Valesaca 

 (Hormuzaki). Bussia : Baltic Provinces — Biga, Sessau, Frauenburg, Koken- 

 husen, Pichtendahl (Nolcken), Bathen, near Libau (Gerhard), Schloch, 

 Zemmern, Livonia (Teich), near St. Petersburg (Buhl), the Baschkiria district, 

 rare (Eversmann), Podolia — Bagovitza (Grum-Grshimailo). Scandinavia: 

 Sweden — Skania, near Lund (Zetterstedt), Smaland — Oland; Kalmarlan— Halltop, 

 Alem (Forf). [Spain: Granada (teste Buhl).] Switzerland : scarce and local — Basle 

 and Liestal (Knecht), the Aargau Jura (Wullschlegel), St. Blaise, Neuveville 

 (Couleru), Aarberg, Schupfen (Bothenbach), Vaud — Eclepens (Lowe), near Lausanne, 

 Orbe, at 1376ft. (Laharpe), Schaffhausen, not rare (Trapp), Zurich (Lemann) — 

 Katzensee, Weissenburg, New Baths, scarce (Huguenin), Charpigny (Fison), Bex 

 (teste Kane), Choully, Meyrin (Blachier), Valais, not very rare but local — Aigle 

 (Wheeler), St. Triphon (Fison), Martigny, Sierre, Noes, Corin, etc. (Favre); Geneva 

 district (Blachier), foot of the Saleve (Behfous); Bois des Freres, Hermance (Mus- 

 champ) ; Grisons — Igis (Amstein), Chur (Killias), Simplon — Gamsen (Anderegg), 

 Waadt Canton (Meissner). 



Tribe : Rukalidi. 



This tribe differs considerably from the Strymonids in all stages — 

 eggs, larvas, pupae, and imagines — although retaining all the characteristic 

 "hairstreak" characters. The imagines are generally of brilliant colours, 

 the males of some species being beautifully iridescent, and the sexes usually 

 very different in their colour and markings. There are only two British 

 (and European) species — Bitliys guercus and Ruralis betulae — and the 

 latter, being the typical genus and species of Linne's Hurdles, gives us 

 our tribal name. This group is essentially an Old World one, and, 

 one may say, essentially Asiatic, the Bithynid section being particu- 

 larly abundant in eastern Asia, and much more numerous than the 

 Ruralid section. De Niceville thinks (Butts, of India, iii., p. 300) 

 that the headquarters of the group are in the hills of northern India, 

 where thirteen species occur, but there is a considerable number of 

 species in Cbina, Amurland, and Japan. Staudinger records seventeen 

 species for the Palsearctic region, ten belonging to the Bithynid 

 group and seven to the Ruralid, the whole being massed together 

 under the generic name Zephyrus. Similarly, De Niceville (Butts, of 

 India, iii., pp. 298 et seg.) includes the whole of the Indian species in 

 the genus Zephyrus, but all these appear to belong to the Bithynid 

 section of the tribe. 



That this lumping of the whole of the species of one tribe into one 

 genus is not altogether satisfactory is evident on a mere superficial 

 examination, and the Bithynid and Ruralid sections are separated 

 readily on purely imaginal characters, the more extreme forms of 

 the Ruralid group being very striking. We propose, therefore, to 

 separate at least the Bithynid and Ruralid species as represented by 

 guercus and betulae respectively, and, later, to make a tentative group- 

 ing of the species that have come under our notice in our account of 

 Bithys and Ruralis respectively. 



The general superficial characters of the Ruralids (sens, rest.) are 



