BITHYS. 231 



Schrk., "Faun. Boica," ii., p. 218(1801). Polyommatus, Latr., " Hist. Nat. 

 Crust. Ins.," xiv., p. 117 (1805); "Gen. Crust. Ins.," iv., p. 207 (1809); 

 " Consid.," etc., p. 206 (1810) ; " Enc. Meth.," ix., p. 651 (1819) ; Godt., " Hist. 

 Nat.," p. 190, pi. ix tert., fig. 3, pi. ix sec, fig. 1 (1821) ; Bdv., "Eur. Lep. 

 Ind.," p. 10 (1829). Thecla, Fab., "111. Mag.," vi., p. 286 (1807); Oken, 

 "Lehrb. Zool.," ii., p. 722 (1815) ; Leach, " Edin. Encycl.," ix., pt. 1, p. 129 

 (1815) ; Ocbs., " Die Schmett.," iv., pt. 1, p. 27 (1816) ; Sam., " Ent. Comp.," 

 p. 241 (1819) ; Stphs., " 111. Haust.," i., p. 76 (1828) ; " Ins. Cat.," 1st ed., p. 20 

 (1829); Meig., "Eur. Schmett.," pt. 2, p. 47 (1830); Dup., "Hist. Nat.," 

 supp. L, p. 387 (1832); Ramb., "Faun. And.," p. 260 (1839); Wood, 

 "Ind. Ent.," p. 7, pi. ii., fig. 54a (1839); Bdv., "Gen. et Ind. Meth.," 

 p. 8 (1840); Humph, and Westd., "Brit. Butts.," p. 86 (1841) ; Dup., 

 "Cat. Meth.," p. 29(1845); H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," L, p. 137 (1843); 

 Westd. and Hewits., " Gen. Dium. Lep.," ii., p. 487 (1852) ; Led., " Verh. zool.- 

 bot. Gesell.," p. 9 (1852); Gerh., "Schmett.," etc., p. 4, pi. hi, figs. 3 a-c, 

 pi. iv., fig. 2 (1853) ; Sta., " Man.," i., p. 54 (1857) ; Speyer, " Geog. Verb. 

 Schmett.," p. 260 (1858); Ramb., "Cat. Lep. And.," p. 33 (1858); Hein., 

 " Schmett. Deutsch.," p. 94 (1859) ; Dbldy., " Syn. List," 2nd ed., p. 2 (1859; ; 

 Staud., " Cat.," p. 3 (1861) ; Kirby, "Eur. Butts.," i., p. 87 (1862) ; Snell., " De 

 Ylind.," p. 67 (1867); Nolck., "Lep. Fn. Estl.," pt. 2, p. 51 (1868) ; Newm., 

 "Brit. Butts.," p. 106 (1869) ; Butl., " Cat. Diurn. Lep.," p. 182 (1869) ; Staud., 

 " Cat.," 2nd ed., p. 7 (1871) ; Curo, "Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.," vi., p. 107 (1874) ; 

 Frey, "Lep. Schweiz," p. 11 (1880); Lang, " Butts. Eur.," p. 81, pi. xviii,, 

 fig. 2 (1884); Kane, "Eur. Butts.," p. 24 (1885); Buckl., "Larv.," etc., i., 

 p. 185, pi. xiii., fig. 2 (1885); Dale, " Hist. Brit. Butts.," p. 40 (1890); Barr., 

 "Lep. Brit. Isles," i., p. 51, pi. viii., figs. 3-3c (1893); Riihl, "Pal. Gross- 

 Schmett.," i., p. 190 (1895) ; Meyr., " Handbook," etc., p. 344 (1895). 

 [Zephyrus-] Aurotis, Dalm., "Vet. Ak. Handl.," i., p. 90 (1816). Lycaena, 

 Evers., "Faun. Volg.-Ural.," p. 65 (1844). [Thecla-] Bithys, Stphs., "List," 

 1st ed., p. 16 (1850); 2nd ed., p. 15 (1856). Zephyrus, Wallgrn., " Skand. 

 Dagf.," p. 181 (1853) ; Kirby, " Syn. Cat.," p. 403 (1871) ; " Eur. Butts.," p. 58, 

 pi. xv., fig. 6 (1879) ; Auriv., "-Nord. Fjar.," p. 7, pi. vii., fig. 6 (1888) ; Tutt, 

 "Ent. Rec," vii., pp.220, 300 (1895); "Brit. Butts.," p. 199, pi. i., fig. 12 

 {1896) ; Kirby, " Handbook," etc., p. 67, pi. xliv., figs. 4-6 (1896) ; Reut., " Ent. 

 Rec," x., p. 97(1898); Staud., "Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 71 (1901); Lamb., " Pap. 

 Belg.," p. 197 (1902); Wheeler, "Butts. Switz.," p. 47 (1903). Aurotis, Scudd., 

 "Hist. Sketch Gen.," p. 127 (1875); Grote, "Schmett. Hildesheim," p. 41 

 {1897). 



The above synonymy shows that, until 1816, querciis was generally 

 lumped with the other " hairstreaks," under the name Ruralis, Poly- 

 ommatus, or Thecla. In this year, Dalman created (Vet. Ak. Handl., 

 pp. 48 et seq.) the comprehensive group name, Zephyrus, for the whole 

 of the Ruralids, dividing it into three sections — Aurotis, Heodes, and 

 Cyaniris, for the " hairstreaks," " coppers," and "blues " respectively, 

 and fixed " betulae," one of the species in the Aurotis section, as the 

 type of the whole group. The species betulae, therefore, as the common 

 type of Aurotis and Zephyrus reduced Aurotis at once to the position of 

 being a synonym of Zephyrus, and as, in 1781, betulae had been fixed 

 as the type of Ruralis, by Barbut, Zephyrus itself fell as a synonym of 

 Ruralis. It is also to be noted that, in 1821, Swainson fixed betulae as 

 the type of Thecla, Fab., thus reducing this also as a synonym of 

 Ruralis. Aurotis, Zephyrus, Thecla, and Ruralis, all, therefore, stand 

 for the same genus, of which betulae is the type. This makes all these 

 names impossible for the genus of which querciis is the type, and leaves 

 the later name Bithys, Hb., in undisputed possession. 



The genus Bithys was created [Yerzeichniss, p. 75) by Hiibner, 

 for a most mixed lot of species, chiefly exotic, and gathered from 

 Cramer's figures, but containing at least two, leucophaeus and querciis, 

 of which he appears to have had personal knowledge. His diagnosis 

 of the group reads : 



