274 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



"Lep. Brit. Isles," L, p. 43, pi. vii., figs. 2-2d(1893); Buhl, "Pal. Gross-Schmett.," 

 i., p. 175 (1895); Meyr., " Handbook," etc., p. 343 (1895). [Zephyrus-] Aurotis, 

 Dalm., " Vet. Ak. Handl.," i., p. 90 (1816). Lycsena, Ochs., " Die Scbmett.," 

 iv., p. 28 (1816); Treits., "Die Schmett.," supp. x., p. 79 (1834); Evtrs., 

 "Faun. Volg.-Ural.," p. 67 (1844). Strymon, Hb., "Verz.," p. 74 (1816-1818); 

 Stphs., "Illus. Haust.," iv., p. 404 (1835). [Thecla-] Strymon, Stpbs., "List," 

 1st ed., p. 16 (1850); 2nd ed., p. 15 (1856). Zephyrus, Wallgrn., " Skand. 

 Dagf.," p. 181 (1853); Kirby, " Syn. Cat.," p. 403 (1871); Scudd., "Hist. 

 Sketch," p. 279 (1875); "Eur. Butts.," p. 58, pi. xv., figs. 5a-b (1879); 

 Auriv., "NordFjar.," i., p. 7, pi. vii., fig. 5 (1888-1891); Leech, "Butts. 

 China," ii., p. 383, pi. xxviii., figs. 8-11 (1894); Tutt, " Ent. Rec," vii., 

 p. 220 (1895); "Brit. Butts.," p. 202 (1896); Kirby, "Handbook," etc.. ii., 

 p. 65, pi. xliv., figs. 1-3 (1896) ; Grote, " Schmett. v. Hildesheim," p. 41 (1897); 

 Eeut., "Ent. Rec," x., p. 97 (1898) ; Staud. and Reb., " Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 71 

 (1901); Lamb., "Pap. Belg.," p. 200 (1902); Wheeler, " Butts. Svvitz.," p. 47 

 (1903). [Thecla-] Bithys, Dale, "Brit. Butts.," p. 38 (1890). 



This, the typical genus of the tribe Ruralidi, subfamily Ruralinae, 

 family RuraUdae, and the superfamily Ruralides, traces its name 

 indirectly back to Linne, who, in 1758, designated Rurales one of the 

 two, main sections of the Plebeii, without, however, specially using a 

 singular form for each individual species included therein. Poda, 

 however, in 1761, applied this singular form to the individual species, 

 and we find him calling the species in the group Ruralis, so that 

 betidae becomes Papilio Plebeius Ruralis betulae, the three names 

 agreeing more or less accurately with our present notions of family, 

 subfamily or tribal, and generic, names. In fact, he really diagnosed 

 the group with betidae as an example, describing the Plebeii and 

 Ruralis thus : 



Plebeii : Parva. 



Ruralis : P. P. alis fuscis maculis ohscurioribus. 



Betulje : P. P. alis fuscis subcaudatis : primoribus macula reniformi fulva, 

 omnibus subtus lineis transversis albis. Habitat in Betula, Pruno spinosa. 



(3. B. alis subcaudatis fuscis : primoribus immaculatis, caeterum priori simil- 

 limus. In utroque alas primores subtus lineola fusca, brevi, latiuscula. 



Linne, in 1767, applied it in almost the same manner, but 

 noted the lower group-name over the top of the page in which 

 each species was named, whilst, in 1775, Fabricius gave it quite a 

 generic value, and we find again (Si/s. Ent., p. 526) Papilio Plebeius 

 Ruralis betulae, a similar grouping being followed by Sulzer, Goeze, 

 Bergstrasser, and others, whilst Esper, having called the butterflies 

 Papilio, is satisfied with naming the subdivisions, and betulae becomes 

 Plebeius Ruralis betulae. In 1781, Barbut, in his Genera Inseetorum 

 Linnaei, applied to all Linne's lower sections modern generic values, 

 and fixed the types of them by definitely naming one of the Linnean 

 species, and so we find him giving us : 



PAPILIO 



PLEREII 

 RURALES 



Ruralis example P. P. R. betulae, Linn., no. 220. 



URIUCOIJE 



Urbicola example P. P. U. comma, Linn., no. 256. 

 which fixed beyond cavil the type of Ruralis, which had been for some 

 20 years in common use, as the group name for the " hairstreaks," 

 " coppers," and "blues." When Fabricius made the Plebeii of equal 

 rank with the Papiliones under the name Hesperia, he still maintained 

 the two lower sectional (modern generic) divisions in the Hesperia, 

 calling the "hairstreaks" and their allies Hesperia Rurales, and the 



