RURALIS BETUL.E. 277 



a. With well-developed marginal underside markings — ? Ruralis — lutea, 



Hew., melpomene, Leech, thespis, Leech, comes, Leech, seraphim,, 

 Obth., minerva, Leech. 



b. With ill-developed marginal underside markings (i.e., typical betulae- 



like arrangement) — Ruralis — jonasi, Jans., ehcesi, Leech, betulae, 

 Linn. (type). 

 C With underside markings specialised in numerous black longitudinal lines — 

 Japonica — saepe striata, Hew. (type). 



That these species fall into at least four (if not five) genera, in the 

 modern sense, appears to us to be certain. The first section, Coreana, 

 and the last section, Japonica, are the most distinct, then Ussuriana, 

 the groups B a, and B b being more closely allied than any others, 

 and possibly both coming within the limits of Ruralis as we under- 

 stand it. 



Ruralis betulae, Linne. 

 Synonymy.— Species : Betulae, Linn., " Sys. Nat.," 10th ed., p. 482 (1758); 

 "Faun. Suec," 2nd ed., p. 282 (1761); Poda, "Mus. Graec," p. 75 (1761); Hufn., 

 " Berl. Mag.," ii., p. 68 (1766); Linne," Syst. Nat.," 12th ed., p. 787 (1767); Fab., 

 "Sys. Ent.," p. 520 (1775); Schiff., " Schmett. Wien.," 1st ed., p. 186(1775); 

 Fuess., "Verz.," p. 31(1775); Harr., "Eng. Lep.," p. 6(1775) ; Mull.,"Zool. Dan. 

 Prod.," p. Ill (1776); Esp.,. " Schmett. Eur.," p. 256, pi. xix., fig. 1 (1777); Bergs., 

 "Nomen.," p. 56, pi. xxxviii., figs. 1-4 (1780); Goeze, "Ent. Beit.," p. 5 (1780); 

 Barb., "Linn. Gen. Ins.," p. 173 (1781); Fab., "Spec. Ins.," p, 118 (1781); 

 Geoff., "Ent. Paris.," p. 243 (1783); Schneid., "Sys. Besch.," p. 217 (1785); 

 Fab.,"Mant. Ins.," p. 68 (1787); Bork., "Sys. Besch.," i., p. 134(1788); deVill., 

 " Car. Linn. Ent. Fn. Suec," p. 62 (1789); Lang, "Verz.," ii., p. 45 (1789); 

 Brahm, "Ins.-Kal.," p. 232 (1791); Schwarz, "Raup -Kal.," p. 177 (1791); Fab., 

 "Ent. Syst.," iii., pt. 1, p. 277 (1793); Bork., "Rbein. Mag.," i., p. 297 (1793) ; 

 Lewin, "Ins. Gt. Brit.," p. 88, pi. xlii., figs. 1-5 (1795); Don., " Brit. Ins.." vi., 

 p. 89, fig. 250 (1798) ; Hb., " Eur Schmett.," pi. xlvii., figs, a—b (larva), pi. lxxvi., 

 figs. 383-5 (1799); text p. 5 (circ. 1805), etc. [N.B. — All other references mentioned 

 under the generic synonymy (anted, pp. 273-274) are referable to betulae.] 



Original description. — Papilio Plebei usbetulae, alissubcabudL&tisfuscis; 

 primoribus macula reniformi fulva, subtus luteis fascia fulva. |_" Fn. 

 Suec," 792. Wilk., "Pap.," 61, t. 1, a, 2. Roes., "Ins.," 1, pap. 2, 

 t. 6. Raj, "Ins.," 130, no. 10. Reaum., "Ins.," 1, t. 28, f. 1-7. Alb., 

 "Ins.," t. 5, f. 7. Pet., " Gaz.," t. 11, f. 11.] Habitat in Betula, 

 Pruno spinosa. [Papilio hexapus, alis secundariis angulato-dentatis ; 

 subtus navo alboque flammeis,"Fn.," 792. Hoffn.,"Ins.," 1. 12, fig. 1. 

 Pet., " Gaz.," p. 18, t. 11, f. 10. Papilio minor fuscus, duplici linea 

 inferne praeditus (Mas) ; f. 11, Papilio minor fuscus ; campo aureo, 

 linea gemina subtus ornatus (Foemina). Raj, "Ins.," p. 120, no. 10. 

 Papilio minor, alis exterioribus nigricantibus, macula in medio lata 

 arcuata fulva.] Habitat in Betula ; prassertim in Smolandia obvius. 

 Descr. — Alae subtus notatse fascia postici attenuata linea alba incusa 

 (Linne, Sys. Nat., 10th ed., p. 482). 



Imago. — 32mm. -37mm. All the wings of a deep fuscous-brown; 

 the hindwings with the outer margin somewhat crenulated, the lower 

 caudal appendage well-developed, the upper less so, the anal angle 

 somewhat extended ; the fore- and hindwings with a well-marked, 

 black, discoidal lunule, usually better marked on the fore- than on the 

 hindwings ; an orange spot at the anal angle of hindwings, another 

 at the base of the larger " tail," and a third sometimes at the base of 

 the small upper one. In the male a faint shade outside the discal 

 area of forewings ; in the female this is developed into a well-marked, 

 transverse, orange band. The underside of all the wings orange- 

 yellow, the hindwings rather darker ; the discoidal lunule of all the 

 wings well-marked ; an incomplete, white, transverse line between 



