RUKALIS BETUL^. 303 



probably not actually vacant, but closed by delicate membrane ; the 

 disc sometimes shows some radiate structure. Lenticles are very 

 abundant round the spiracles, and there are more hairs here than 

 elsewhere — round the 5th abdominal spiracle some seven or eight, 

 round the 4th, fourteen to sixteen. The lenticles are usually easily 

 distinguished from the hair-bases from which the hairs have been 

 broken, and the lumen is generally much larger, and always has a 

 granulated or dotted membrane. The hairs are very short, O'lmm. to 

 0*15mm. in length, rarely 0*2mm. ; they are transparent, sometimes a 

 little clubbed or baton-shaped, always spiculated, usually in the 

 ordinary way, with fine spicules along the distal half, but some hairs 

 have a few very large spicules towards the extremity, as if the hair wanted 

 to branch, and, but for the slight clubbing and these larger spicules, 

 there is no other approach to "umbrella" or "fungus" hairs. On the 

 prothorax, which is very closely set with points, netting, hairs, and 

 lenticles, a rather curious condition is noted. At first view, the ribs of 

 the netting appear very often to run up to the hairs, so that hairs 

 appear, in effect, to be on the netting, a condition which appears to be 

 strenuously avoided on other pupae examined. A closer examination 

 shows that the ribs arise from the points whose margins are, in fact, 

 produced into ribs as branches from them. The hair-base, however, is 

 complete and perfect, and has no connection with the rib, which, 

 nevertheless, passes under it and fades out ; one is not prepared to 

 find the pupal- skin to be thick enough for this super-position, or to 

 quite understand what is exactly the structure. The network is not 

 very unlike that of Bithys querciis, the ribs forming meshes into which 

 branches that do not cross the space or meet others, are, however, 

 more abundant and conspicuous than in B. querciis. The wings have 

 a very beautiful pattern of sinuous lines, forming meshes of all shapes 

 and sizes with waved margins. Neither on these nor on the other appen- 

 dages are any points, hairs, or lenticles, except the points and lenticles at 

 the tibio-tarsal articulations of the legs. There is a small diamond of 

 labium present, about 0-2mm. long. Where points are present the ribs 

 are less sinuous, almost straight from point to point. The black markings 

 consist, essentially, to appearance, and no doubt really, by comparison with 

 other Theclid pupae, of dots of varying size. These run, however, together 

 and form markings, difficult to describe satisfactorily, as they are, by 

 their origin, rather irregular. The wings have the black so running 

 together that, towards their bases, the pale is reduced to islets, something- 

 like a leopard's spots ; towards the hindmargins the pale predominates, 

 and the dark areas are the spots. The amount of dark varies in different 

 pupae. One specimen has hardly any. In another, the black on the 

 wings remains in separate spots. On the abdominal dorsum the 

 dark does not form markings of regular disposition, and the spots 

 are often not definitely distinguished from the pale surroundings, 

 i.e., their margins fade into the pale surroundings. The cremaster 

 consists of a number (40 or 50) of short blunt hairs or batons 

 (0-04mm. long), without spicules, and arising from dark ridges that 

 continue with the ribbing. They might help to maintain some con- 

 nection with the larval skin, as occurs sometimes, and this might 

 be assisted by the ventral surface of the abdominal segments (beyond 

 the wings) having a nearly complete covering of fine sharp skin- 

 spicules ; they are especially strong on the terminal segments, and 



