304 



BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



occur even dorsally along the margins (Chapman). The pupa in- 

 creases gradually in width to the wing- bases, then again to 

 apex of wings (where it attains its greatest width), then con- 

 tracts to the blunt anal area. Colour — brown dorsally, with a dark 

 central mediodorsal line down the abdominal segments. The head 

 rounded ; the mesothorax slightly raised, but scarcely any trace of 

 metathoracic depression. The wings duller, mottled with darker 

 subcutaneous markings, the wiDg-base slightly raised; the spiracles 

 pale ; a series of pale oblique dorsal stripes on abdominal segments as 

 in larva. The ventral surface very flat ; the wings very transparent ; 

 no properly developed cremaster, the cremastral area being sparingly 

 sprinkled with black hairs (? hooks). Dorsal view: The prothorax 

 narrower than the mesothorax, the latter slightly raised medially and 

 carried backward into the centre of the metathorax; the latter and 1st 

 abdominal segment very slightly contracted, a dark mediodorsal line 

 beginning on the 2nd abdominal segment and continued to the 9th ; 

 a series of pale oblique subcutaneous marks on each abdominal 

 segment nearer to the median line anteriorly. The 6th and posterior 

 abdominal segments curved down and ending in a straight line with 

 the ventral surface. The body surface very much reticulated with a 

 roughly quadrilateral network. Each space appears to give rise to a 

 hair (branched or plumose on the prothoracic segment), the branching- 

 occurring in the top third of the hair ; in other areas the hairs appear 

 to be only slightly clubbed. Lateral view: The median lateral line slight- 

 ly raised. The base of the wing also raised with a dark patch, as is 

 characteristic of so many pupae ; the 1st spiracle in suture between 

 pro- and metathoracic segments, very long and conspicuous, of a pale 

 flesh-colour, and at some distance from antennas. The edge of the 

 wing only markedly raised on the inner margin, the hindwing disappearing 

 very early. The edges of the abdominal incisions raised, leaving a 

 narrow, depressed, intersegmental ring between, but there are no free 

 segments ; the surface of the segments is thus concave. The 

 abdominal spiracles smaller and rounder than the prothoracic. A 

 series of black scars above and another below the spiracles, apparently 

 representing the supra- and subspiracular tubercles. The anal seg- 

 ment blunt, rounded, with no proper cremaster. Ventral view: The 

 head is rounded, slightly depressed medially, slightly protuberant 

 just above the mouth ; the maxillae ending about two- thirds down the 

 wings ; the second pair of legs just above the termination of the 

 maxillae ; the first pair above these, swelling out near their base and 

 partly covering the base of the second pair (but not so completely as in 

 Bithys quercus). The glazed eye exists as a distinct lunule extending 

 from base of first leg to near base of antennae. The surface of the 

 skin is much reticulated, the antennae segmented. The whole of the 

 ventral area, except the median part of abdominal segments, with 

 irregular dusky subcutaneous markings. The apex of wing acute 

 and in direct contact with tip of antennae ; the surface strongly 

 reticulated, with hairs sparingly scattered over it. The reticulations 

 often rough or irregular quadrilaterals, with a hair arising from centre. 

 The abdominal segments with raised intersegmental membrane, but 

 flattened ventrally. The 5th, 6th, and 7th abdominal segments fairly 

 well-developed ventrally, the 8th with a long fissure, the 9th contracted 



