KURALIS BETULtE. 3l5 



and " knicks," or overgrown hedges, as well as being found in gardens 

 (Tessmann); in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, it is pretty generally 

 distributed, but is noted as being especially frequent on the shores of 

 the river Elbe from Flottbeck to Blankenese (Zimmermann), and by 

 overgrown hedges where blackthorn is abundant (Laplace); in Hanover, 

 hedges and gardens are noted as its habitats (Glitz); in the Rhine 

 Provinces also in gardens and bushy places, clearings in woods, and by 

 hedgesides (Stollwerck); in Hesse, hedges and bushy ground are noted 

 (Glaser), and the species is sometimes met with in great numbers on the 

 outskirts of the " Hegwaldchen " and the " Stadtwald " (Koch); it is also 

 very abundant in the Vogelsberg district (Glaser); in Waldeck, hedges, 

 wood- clearings and gardens are particularly noted (Speyer), and, in 

 Thuringia, it prefers orchards and hedges of sloe (Krieghoff); 

 in the Province of Saxony, it occurs on the northern slope of the 

 Steigerwald, also in gardens at Zeitz (Wilde), Halle (Stange), and Dessau 

 (Richter) ; in the Mosigkauer Haide, it particularly chooses the 

 northern outskirts (Amelang), whilst, at Cothen, it occurs in gardens 

 and plum-orchards, but is more frequent on the sloe-bushes of the 

 " Ziethe Busch," and the forests of Klein-Zerbst, Diebzig, etc. (Gill- 

 mer) ; it occurs on the whole of the north-eastern slopes of the 

 Hartz (Reinecke); in Brandenburg, at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder, it is 

 found in gardens (Kretschmer), in Posen, in orchards (Schultz), also 

 in orchards and by hedgesides throughout Silesia (Wocke), being 

 particularly common in Upper Lusatia (Moschler) ; in the Kingdom of 

 Saxony, it frequents sunny places in the neighbourhood of blackthorn 

 bushes and plum orchards (Steinert), Pabst specially noting chat, in 

 the Chemnitz district, it does not occur among birches. In Baden it 

 is found throughout the low country, from the valley of the Rhine to 

 well above the lower mountains, but not reaching the higher levels 

 (Meess and Spuler). In Austria it appears to be generally distributed, 

 being common in forests, woods, and gardens in Bohemia, whilst in 

 Upper Austria it is particularly noted as frequenting gardens, even in 

 the midst of towns, e.g., Linz (Himsl); in Lower Austria, gardens and 

 their immediate vicinity are specially mentioned (Rogenhofer) ; in 

 Salzburg, orchards, hedges, bush -covered ground, and the outskirts of 

 woods in the lowest region, i.e., not extending into the mountains 

 (Richter) ; in the mountain districts of the Tyrol, it goes up to 

 6000 feet and is not rare (Weiler), and seems to be somewhat 

 similarly distributed in Styria (Hofner). In Hungary, it occurs in 

 the mountains above Budapest (Fountaine). In Roumania it is found 

 among bushes and undergrowth in woods, as well as in fruit gardens 

 (Caradja). In the Baltic Provinces, Nolcken says that it lives in 

 open woods and among deciduous trees, on the borders of woods, and also in 

 gardens, but always occurs singly and is rare. Gebhard notes (Soc. Ent., 

 xii., pp. 131-2) : "In the neighbourhood of Libau, the species used to be 

 very common, and was so until a few years ago, but of late has 

 become rarer, probably on account of the clearing of the underwood. 

 I have caught, in a small grove near the town of Rathen, as many as 

 twenty males and females in a day, but now only get single examples ; 

 in other districts, however, there seems to be no diminution in 

 numbers," and Eversmann says that it flies in woods and orchards in 

 the northern provinces of Orenburg, Casan, etc., to the Lower Volga and 

 Sarepta. In Switzerland, Favre says that it is not rare in the region 



