RUKALIS BETUL.E. 319 



frequent, Crimmitzschau, Zwickau, Wolkenstein, Griinhainichen, Werdau, rare, 

 Plauen, not frequent, Schneeberg, abundant (Winckler), Leipzig, not rare (Ver. 

 Faun. Leipzig), Gorlitz (Marschner) ; Bavaria — Begensburg (Hofmannand Herrich- 

 Schaffer), Munich, frequent (Kranz), Augsburg (Freyer), Kempten (v.Kolb); Wiirttem- 

 berg, throughout — Stuttgart, Tubingen, Keutlingen (Seyffer) ; Baden, almost every- 

 where, but not frequent — Kirlsruhe, the Turmberg (Gauckler) ; from the Bhine 

 Valley to midway up the mountains (Meess and Spuler) ; the Palatinate (Bertram); 

 Alsace — Colmar, the outskirts of the Semmwald, Ste. Marie-aux-Mines, Vallee de 

 Ste. Marie, Strasburg, Isle du Bhin, gardens of the Bobertsau, Metz, the forest of 

 Voipy, Lorry, Sarreguemines, the forest of Buckholz (Cantener). Greece : Attica 

 (Merlin coll.). Italy: Liguria (Curo); Piedmont — Certosa di Pesio (Norris), near 

 Bobbie (Tutt); Tuscany — Florence, hill of Figline\Valdarno(Stefanelli),Collanzi(Ver- 

 ity); Lombardy (Turati); Emilia — Modena, rare (Caruccio); [Sicily — Scaricalasino, 

 near Osimo (Spada), wants confirmation !], Netherlands: Friesland, Gron.ingen, 

 Overijssel, Gelderland, Limburg (Snellen). Boumania: Grumazesti, Costischa, 

 Veatra, Jassy (Caradja), Dulcesti, Valeni, Valesaca (Hormuzaki). Bussia : 

 Baltic Provinces — throughout Kurland, where it is commoner than in Livland — 

 Lechts, Pichtendahl, Biga, Kokenhusen (Nolcken), Bathen, near Libau 

 (Gebhard), St. Petersburg district (teste Speyer); Viatka govt., rare — Sarapoul, 

 Elabouga, Malmisch, Ourjoum ; Vologda district— Eisenbahnstation, Kotlas 

 (Kroulikowsky); Ural district — from the northern provinces of Orenburg, Casan, 

 Simbirsk, and Saratov, to the Lower Volga district and Sarepta (Eversmann); 

 Ekaterinoslav govt., northern part (Nordmann) ; Transcaucasia — Borjom 

 (Bomanoff), Elisabethpol (Lederer). Scandinavia: Lapland, very rare (Zetter- 

 stedt) ; up to 62°N. lat. (Aurivillius) — Norway, south and west, locally — near 

 Christiania, common, some years, on the St. Hanshungen ; Fredrikshald, Odalen, 

 Bisor, Naes-Vaerk, Parsgrund, Sarpsborg (Siebke), Smaalene, Akershus, Hede- 

 marken, Baskerud, Bratsberg, Jarlsberg, Laurvik, Nedenaes (58° 38'-60° 18'N. lat.) 

 (Schoyen); Sweden — Skania to Helsingland (Lampa), Stockholm, Upsala (Wallen- 

 gren). Switzerland: somewhat common on the lowlands, but rarely reaching 

 any great height (Frey), the highest points noted being Tarasp, common, 4000ft. 

 (Killias), Tessdn — Monte Generoso, 5199ft. (Jenner), Bergiin, at 4500ft. (Zeller), 

 Tasch, about 4700ft. (Tutt), etc. — the Valais, not rare in the region of deciduous 

 trees — Martigny, Mt. Chemin, Folleterres de Fully, Lens, Sierre, Loeche, etc. 

 (Favre), Glion above Montreux, Brigue (Prideaux), Montreux (Murray), near 

 Aigle, between Veytaux and the Veraye Gorge, Charpigny, Villeneuve (Wheeler); 

 Val d' Anniviers — Fang (Wheeler); Val d' Herens — between Useigne and Vex; 

 Visp Thai — between St. Niklaus and Tasch (Tutt) ; Geneva district (Blachier) 

 — foot of Grand Saleve (Tutt), banks of the Arve (Muschamp) ; Gruyeres 

 (Bowland-Brown); Lucerne district (Sanford) — between Hergiswyl and the summit 

 of Pilatus (Keynes); Neuhausen, Uetliberg, Alveneu (Lemann), Thusis (Fountaine). 



Subfamily : Lycenhsle. 



The Lyc^enids, or " blues," form one of the most beautiful groups 

 of butterflies known, and their habits are as interesting as their tints 

 are beautiful. The subfamily is named after Leach's group name 

 Lycaenida, an equivalent of the earlier Fabrician Lycaena. The species 

 are particularly fond of flowers, and their quick bustling flight, 

 pugnacious habits, and frequent abundance, attract attention. They 

 are slender in build, with slight bodies and prominent outstanding an- 

 tennae, usually presenting marked sexual differences in coloration, whilst 

 the undersides of both sexes are characterised by beautiful transverse 

 series of ocellated spots, giving rise to Borkhausen's name of Polyoph- 

 thahni, and Latreille's name of Polyomnmti. These spots are sometimes 

 modified into delicate pencillings, or slender streaks, either as a per- 

 manent pattern, or as occasional rare aberrations, although, in the former 

 case, e.g., Lampides boeticus, the pencillings are transverse, and, in the 

 latter case, the lines are longitudinal, in direction . On the margins of the 

 underside of the wings there is usually a series of orange marginal lunules, 

 occasionally, on the hindwings, provided with scintillating metallic 

 centres. The hindwings are comparatively rarely tailed, although 



