324 BKITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



xxxix., p. 109), Lycaena avion with F.ftava (Frohawk, Entom., xxxvi., 

 pp. 58-60), Nomiades iolas with large black ants (Guerney, Entom., 

 xl., p. 223), and Aricia astrarche with ants (sp. ?) (Harrison, Ent. Red., 

 xvii., p. 268). Besides these there are many more general notes on 

 the subject, e.g., Aurivillius observes (Ent. Tids., v., pp. 190, 227) that 

 he found six pupae of Plebeius aegon under the bark of a pine, in cavities 

 made and frequented by Lasius niger. Powell mentions (Ent. Bee, xviii., 

 p. 214) that he found ants attending the larvae of Plebeius aegon, and 

 Chapman notes (Ent. Hec, xviii., p. 244) that he found the best way of 

 discovering the larvae of P. argus (argyroqnomon) was tofollowup the ants 

 that were busy with them. Thomann's dissertation on the " Symbiosis 

 occurring between the larvae of P. argyrognomon var. aegidion and Formica 

 cinerea'''' (Beobach. itber eine Symb. zivischen Lycaena argus und Formica 

 cinerea, Chur, 190J., pp. 1-40, with one plate) should be referred to. 

 Donisthorpe quotes (Ent. Bee, xviii., p. 819) Wasmann as saying that 

 the larvae of Polyommatus dorylas (hylas) are always accompanied by 

 ants, and Eaynor observes (Ent. Bee, xviii., p. 299) that larvae of 

 Celastrina argiolus are symbiotic with Lasius niger. Niceville records 

 (Butts, of India, hi., p. 205) that the three species of ants, Camponotus 

 rubripes var. compressus, Fab., Tapinoma melanocephalum, Fab., Preno- 

 lopis obscura var. eland estina, Mayr., attend the larvae of Lampides 

 boeticus. Krodel observes (Zeits. fur Ent., 1904, pp. 103-4) that, 

 whilst rearing the larvae of Polgommatus damon, he observed the 

 wonderful attraction the larvae of this species had for ants ; previous 

 to keeping these larvae, only an occasional ant entered the house from 

 the garden, but after the arrival of the caterpillars, they became a 

 veritable domestic plague, the walls, table, and furniture being alive with 

 them, whilst the breeding-cages were black, the ants forcing themselves 

 through the gauze meshes in order to reach the larvae ; now and then 

 as many as ten were found busy with a single damon larva, the 2nd 

 and 3rd as well as the 10th abdominal segment being thoroughly 

 investigated, and he suggests that both cor y don and damon have 

 secretive glands on the front segments named, but brings nothing- 

 tangible forward to show their existenee. He further notes that the 

 ants ran over the newly-formed pupae, caressing them with their 

 antennae, but that this very soon ceased. One suspects the species to 

 have been Lasius niger. It maybe well to note that Graves (Ent. Bee, 

 xvi., p. 203) states explicitly that small black ants accompany the 

 larvae of Hypolycaena livia in Egypt, and eat their frass. 



The pupa is of typical Ruralid form, rather more slender as a rule 

 than that of the " hairstreaks," whilst the mode of pupation is as 

 variable as in the latter group. Sometimes this appears to be effected 

 by the ordinary anal pad and central girth ; at other times by attach- 

 ment to the cast larval skin, which retains firm hold of a silken 

 carpet; other species again, form a slender cocoon near the surface of 

 the ground, whilst yet others appear to take no precautions. All 

 these methods are illustrated by different British species. Chapinan 

 observes (in lift.) that Scudder's account of the pupa (Butts. Neiv 

 England, ii., p. 798), and quoted infra, is not to be improved upon. 



The mode of hybernation varies extremely. It is possible that at 

 least one interloper into the Palaearctic region, Lampides boeticus, 

 hybernates (if at all in Europe) as imago, although Milliere assumes 

 that it does so as egg. Hybernation, however, may take place (1) in 

 the egg stage, Plebeius aegon, Agriades corydon, A. donzelii: (2) in an early 



