LAMPLDES BOETICUS. 357 



brane, but on this are quite colourless, and, for that reason, probably 

 not always seen. They encroach somewhat on the segment behind 

 the spiracles on the 5th abdominal segment, less so elsewhere on the 

 rest of the segment ; they are wider on each following segment, and 

 occupy nearly the whole width of the venter of the 7th abdominal, 

 still more on the 8th abdominal, and are almost everywhere 

 interspersed amongst the sculpturing of lines on the 8th and 9th 

 abdominal segments. They possibly afford the trifling hold of a 

 cremastral nature the pupa sometimes takes. In one specimen I can 

 detect no trace of any scar of prolegs ; in another there is a point with 

 radiating lines excluding the sculpture, just internal to the double 

 ventral dark spots on the 5th and 6th abdominal segments, which are 

 probably the scars of the prolegs ; their presence in one case and absence 

 in another confirm the idea that they are in some degree pathological, 

 as was suggested by their usually being absent in healthy pupae of 

 Amorpha populi, but sometimes in weak and unhealthy ones very 

 marked and exaggerated (Chapman). 



Variation of pupa. — The pupa of L. boeticus varies very much in 

 the development of the dark dotting, like a good many others of the 

 group, so that a pupa may be quite pale or very dark. I have a pupa 

 in which the wings and appendages are practically without spots ; 

 there being only 3 or 4 very minute ones on the wings. On the abdomen 

 are a few small dorsal spots, but hardly any others except the three 

 regular rows of spots, not at all strongly marked. These rows are a 

 subdorsal row, at middle of segment, and less than half-way from the 

 dorsum to the spiracle ; a supraspiracular row above and behind the 

 spiracle, i.e., towards the posterior border of segment and rather nearer 

 to the spiracle than to the subdorsal spot, a subspiracular row, visible 

 only on the 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments, at the middle of 

 each segment, and nearer the spiracle than the ventral line ; on the 

 5th and 6th abdominal segments are also spots about half-way from 

 the subspiracular spot to the venter ; these are in pairs, one in front 

 of the other, i.e., one towards each border of segment. A dark pupa 

 is so brindled over with dark spots, that it is more dark than light, 

 and, though the regular row of larger spots, as just noted, is larger and 

 darker than in a light pupa, the spots do not stand out so distinctly. The 

 dots are also so massed as to give the idea of a darker dorsal band or 

 row of spots (Chapman). It may be well to add here, the standard 

 descriptions of the pupa as observed in South Africa, India and 

 Europe : — 



Africa. — About '5in. in length ; thickest and roundest in abdominal region ; 

 head blunt. Colour very pale greyish -ochreous, dusted unequally with blackish ; 

 the wing-covers more greenish in tint, a fuscous line down the back ; some blackish 

 spots on head and back ; two rows of blackish spots on each side of back of 

 abdomen (Trimen). 



India. — The pupa smooth throughout ; the head small ; the posterior end very 

 blunt and rounded ; the abdominal segments larger than the anterior ; the thorax 

 slightly humped on the back ; colour pale yellowish-green, a dark dorsal line, a 

 double subdorsal series of small black spots (Niceville). 



Europe. — Rather elongated ; somewhat plump ; without projections. Colour 

 yellowish or obscure reddish ; spotted with numerous brown dots, principally 

 towards the top of the head ; a dark, mediodorsal, uninterrupted line, commencing 

 on the thorax, reaches the anal segment. The black stigmata are visible to the 

 naked eye (Milliere.) 



Dehiscence. — In dehiscence the front headpiece separates with the 



