358 BKITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



antennas, legs and maxillae, but is so loosely adherent to these that it 

 separates from them on trifling interference, and the antennae separate 

 for a short distance from the legs. This head and appendages -cover 

 only adheres by the inner dissepiments to the end of wings and the 

 4th abdominal segment. The thorax splits dorsally down its whole 

 length, and then more or less from the abdomen, the wings separating 

 slightly also from the abdominal segments ; the wings do not separate 

 from the abdominal segments on slight disturbance, but it is difficult 

 to keep them from breaking apart on any manipulations, such as 

 mounting the pupa. The abdominal incisions 4-5, 5-6, and 6-7 open, 

 as they do in any pupa in which the 5th and 6th abdominal segments 

 are " free," and the 7-8 incision opens easily in the empty pupa-case, 

 suggesting that the 7th is also, or almost, a " free " segment. More 

 probably, however, this is a mere obvious evidence of the fact that 

 obtains throughout the whole pupa, that but little violence is neces- 

 sary to separate parts at any suture. The only two incisions that 

 show skin-points and facets in the intersegmental membrane, as is 

 usual in such membranes, where movement actually takes place during 

 life, are the incisions 4-5, 5-6, giving the 5th as a free segment. The 

 prothorax also all but separates from the mesothorax, and is, in fact, 

 wanting, by having fallen away in most empty pupa-cases. The 

 minute dorsal headpiece adheres to the prothorax, without any separa- 

 tion exhibiting connecting membrane (Chapman). 



Comparison of pup;e of Lampides bceticus and Langia telicanus. 

 — A comparison of the very similar pupae of Lampides boeticns and 

 Langia telicanus shows that the latter has (1) more numerous and com- 

 paratively long and thick hairs, 0-12mm. (on the head some 0-2mm.), 

 almost, indeed, a hairy pupa; (2) very few rosettes to the ribs of netting, 

 and these small, apparently simple, with a central dot, but some 

 radiating lines are faintly seen. The pupa of Langia telicanus also has a 

 well-armed cremaster, with about 20 hooks in a posterior set, and 17 

 in each of the two anterior groups. The intersegmental structure 

 suggests the 5-6 abdominal as a still free incision in L. telicanus 

 (Chapman). 



Time of appearance. — There appears to be no doubt that this 

 species is almost everywhere, throughout the regular areas of its 

 distribution, continuously-brooded. Even in southern France, although 

 this is possibly not within its absolutely permanent limits of distribu- 

 tion, it has been taken in every month in the year from January to 

 December. No doubt, the greater number of European emergences 

 take place from late July or early August to November, in fact, its 

 appearances in southern Europe are seemingly very similar to those 

 of Culias edusa in England, occasional (immigrant) specimens being- 

 taken until June, a heavy brood in later July and August, another 

 in fine seasons in September and October, then occasional examples 

 in November and December, the mass of the specimens of this 

 late brood becoming, however, exterminated in the larval stage. 

 Further south, e.g., in the Canaiy Isles, Egypt, India, Hong- 

 Kong, etc., this winter brood is a very real one, and its continuous- 

 broodedness is undoubted, whilst in the more northern parts of its 

 range the specimens taken from late August to October are no doubt 

 the progeny of July immigrants. Pryer's hints (Rhop. hihonica, p. 

 17) suggest very strongly that an exactly similar time of appearance 



