410 



BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



together with the head, completely within segment 2 ; colour of neck blue-green 

 (op. cit., figs. i-i 4 ). The surface of the bodyis velvety, and this appearance is owing to 

 minute, stellate, glassy processes, scarcely raised above the surface, and only visible 

 under a powerful magnifier, mostly six-rayed, and each sending up from the centre a 

 filament which is a little longer than one of the rays ; these stars are arranged 

 in pretty regular rows, and are light except when on brown ground, in that case 

 brown ; but, in the autumn larvae, the stars on brown ground are observed to be some- 

 times pink (op. cit., fig. n). On 11, near the posterior edge, on middle of dorsum, is a 

 transverse wavy slit, in an oval raised rim, out of which, at the will of the larva, is 

 protruded, slightly, an ovoid green membrane (op. cit., fig. k); and on 12, back of, and 

 outside, the stigmata, is a mark like a stigma on either side, but a little larger ; 

 from this, also at will, may proceed a membranous cylinder, the top rounded, 

 truncated, and turned in, but which, when fully expanded, displays a crown of 

 tentacles (op. cit., figs. m-m 2 ). Before pupation the larva sometimes changes colour to 

 pink, and from pink to brown, or becomes brown without the pink stage ; others 

 retain their natural hues, but these fade. From 4th moult to pupation, five or 

 six days (Edwards). Foodplants. — Cimicifvga racemosa, Cornus, Actinomeris 

 squarrosa, A. helianthoides , Dimorphantes mantchuricus, Viburnum acerifolium 

 (Edwards), Ceanothus americana (Mead), Msculus calif ornica (Behr), Ilex 

 aquifolium, Erythrina herbacea, Apios tuberosa (Abbot), Spiraea salicifolia 

 (Sprague), Vaccinium corymbosum (Dimmock) ; in confinement — Nasturtium, 

 Begonia, Asclepias, Trifolium (Edwards), Rhamnus catharticus (Scudder), Salix 

 (Saunders), Adenostoma fasciculatum (Wright), Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 

 (Fletcher). Pupation. — When the larvae are ready to pupate, they fall to the 

 ground, and doubtless conceal themselves under sticks and stones (Edwards). 

 Pupa. — The ventral side straight, the dorsal rounded, and evenly, except for a 

 slight depression below mesonotum, the abdomen broad and high; head narrow, 

 rounded at top ; mesonotum somewhat prominent, rounded ; colour dark brown or 

 yellow-brown, varying ; the wings dark, sometimes green tinted ; on abdomen two 

 subdorsal rows of blackish dots, and sometimes a mediodorsal dark line from end 

 to end (op. cit., pi. iii., figs, g, h); surface covered with short fine hairs (op. cit., 

 fig. g 1 ). Variable in size : — 



Form. 



Average 

 Length. 



Breadth at 

 Mesonotum. 



Across Abdomen. 



5 pupae from violacea 



27 pupae from pseudargiolus 



25 pupse from neglecta (July 



eggs) .. 



3 pupae from neglecta (Sept. 



eggs) 



•263in. 

 •318in. 



•298in. 



•293in. 



•0916in. 

 •119in. 



•lin. 



•lin. 



•123in. 

 •159in. 



•14in. 



•136in. 



Times of appearance : Single-brooded (as lucia or violacea) in the high-boreal 

 regions of North America, above 45° N. lat., occurring in June and July: 

 Yukon river, Lake Winnipeg, Anticosti, St. Michael's in Alaska, etc ; also single- 

 brooded at high elevations. Partially double-brooded, in May (as lucia, marginata 

 and violacea) and July-August (as neglecta), from 45° N. lat. to as far south as 

 Long Island. Partially triple-brooded, in April (as violacea and nigra), in June 

 (as neglecta), in July-August (as rieglecta), from about 40° N. lat. southward. 

 In Colorado, 40° N. lat., it is double-brooded only, the first brood in May-June (as 

 lucia, violacea, and nigra), the second in July and August (as neglecta). In 

 Arizona, 33° N. lat., the first brood occurs as cinerea, the partial second and third 

 broods as neglecta. In California and Arizona, it occurs in two broods, the first in 

 May-June (as piasus), the second in July-August (as piasus and echo, the latter near 

 neglecta) . In West Virginia, it is possibly partially quadruple-brooded, the first from 

 February- April (as violacea), the second from April-June (as neglecta), the third in 

 July-August (as neglecta), others appearing occasionally until October (as small 

 neglecta). Distribution: North — Alaska (Dall), Lower Saskatchewan (Kirby), Tele- 

 graph Creek (58° N. lat., 131° W. long.) (Dawson), Lake Winnipeg (Scudder), 

 Martin's Falls, Albany Biver (Brit. Mus. Coll.), Southern Labrador, Anticosti 

 (Couper). West — Dakota, Montana, Nevada (Edwards), Victoria (Fletcher), to 

 boundaries of California and Arizona to Oregon (Edwards), throughout the Bocky 

 Mountain Begion of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming (Scudder). South — Mexico, 

 Honduras (Boisduval), the Gulf States — Central Texas (Belfrage), Central 



