448 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



(Buckler), flowers of Bkamnus frangula (De Geer), Rhamnus catharticus, 

 (KrieghoiT and Richter), Frangula alnus (Paul and Plotz), Euonymus 

 europaeus (Harwood), flowers of Gornus sanguinea (Fletcher), flowers 

 of Escallonia and Laurustinus (Mathew), vigne vierge (Goossens), flowers 

 of Rubus (Mathew and Luff), of Syringa (Marshall), of Erica vulgaris 

 (Freyer), of Erica arborea (Chapman), Calluna vulgaris (Paul, Plotz and 

 Hofmann), Spartium junceum' (Chapman), Lllex europaeus (Jefferys), 

 Dorycnium (Stefanelli) ; flowers of Clematis vitalba, in confinement 

 (Prideaux), ? rhododendron (Raynor) ; the floAvers and tender shoots of 

 a species of Berberis (at Gallipoli) (Mathew) ; flowers of Lythrum 

 ? salicaria (Stange) ; black alder (Laplace); flower-buds of Robinia 

 jo seu d acacia (Kranz and Steinert), Genista tinctoria (Schneider teste 

 Schiilze); the fruits of Astragalus glycipliyllus {teste Hofner). [The 

 statement that the larva feeds on "young oak-leaves" (Soc. Ent., 

 xiv., p. 99) requires confirmation ; so also does Pyrus (Himsl). Some of 

 the old British textbooks give grass (see Butt. Coll. fade Mecum ; 

 Ventris, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., v., p. 205, 1832).] [For further list of 

 "foodplants" see antea p. 410.] 



Parasites. — Bird notes that the larva? of this species were very ichneu- 

 monedinl902 and 1903, in Sussex. Adkin observes that about half (15) 

 of the larva? of Celastrina argiolus, collected by him at Eastbourne in 

 August- September, 1896, fixed themselves in the ordinary way as if 

 for pupation, but, instead of becoming pupa?, remained affixed to the 

 leaves for nearly a fortnight without changing, when a single 

 yellowish-white dipterous larva, but little smaller than its host, came 

 forth from each, and, where possible, made for the side of the cage, and, 

 having crawled some 3 or 4 inches along it, leaving a slimy trail 

 similar to that left by a slug, either attached itself to the side of the 

 cage, or fell to the earth, and, within a few minutes, had assumed its 

 pupal shape, but remained of the whitish larval colour for some hours, 

 eventually turning to a deep brown. Mrs. Redmayne notes (Ent. Rec, xii., 

 p. 164) rearing, between April 27th-28th, 1900, Listrodromus quinque- 

 guttatus, Grav. (nycthemerus, Grav.), from pupae that had been derived from 

 larva? collected September 4th, 1899, at Chalford. Morley gives (op. cit., 

 pp. 186-187) an account of this insect and its emergence, and adds : 

 " As far as I am at present aware, Listrodromus quinqueguttatus con- 

 fines its parasitism to C. argiolus, since it has been bred thence by 

 Marshall in August, from larva? found on Syringa in July (Ent. Mo. 

 Mag., xxxiii., p. 235), by Bignell, Prideaux and Mrs. Redmayne. 

 Raynor notes (in litt.) that, on June 25th, 1901, he beat 50 larva? from 

 holly at Danbury, many of which produced this same parasite. 

 Weismann first suggested to Edwards the possibility of the evaginable 

 tubes on the 8th abdominal segment and the honey-gland on the 7th 

 segment being of use in attracting ants which would in turn drive away 

 parasites, afraid of ants, from the larva. Of the parasites affecting the 

 larva of the American form, Edwards writes that, there are four 

 (1) A Tachinid, Exorista tlieclarum, which deposits its eggs on the 

 larval skin in the 2nd stadium, and on the 2nd or 3rd segments; when 

 the grubs hatch they eat their way through the skin, and emerge when 

 fullgrown in the last larval stage, making for themselves a hard pupal 

 case, from which in a few days the fly emerges. (2 and 3) Apanteles 

 cyaniridis (nee congregatus, Say), and another minute hymenopterous 

 species (? lle)iiiteles lycacnac). Both these lay their eggs singly, 



