450 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



only about a fortnight, of all the rest under observation about seven months 

 (Prideaux). Buckler says that about four or five days before changing, 

 the larva ceases to feed, spins a fair amount of silk as a foothold, and 

 a stout thread as a cincture, crossing the front of the mesothorax, and 

 strengthened near the base on either side, by two other short threads 

 joining it, thus forming triple moorings. The operation of changing to 

 a pupa brings away the cincture from its resting-place on the larva to below 

 the thorax on the pupa, so that the thread, at first slanting forwards over 

 the larva, now slants a little backwards over the pupa (Buckler). In some 

 that we specially examined, however, the cincture passed up one side over 

 the 1st abdominal, falling across the segmental incision between the 

 metathorax and the 1st abdominal at the top of the dorsum, back over 

 the side of the 1st abdominal on the other side, xldkin states that the 

 fullfed larva quits the bud, and, having selected an adjacent leaf, 

 attaches itself thereto by slender silken threads, and in three or four 

 days becomes a pupa. Chapman notes that the pupa has a well- 

 developed cremaster, and suspends itself with a girth, preferring some 

 hard and solid place to w T hich to attach itself, and not affecting leaves, etc. 

 The girth divides at its attachment into three or four fine threads, but 

 over the back is a single cable w T hich sinks into the incision between 

 the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments. Eaynor states that the 

 pupa? are brown in colour, but darker at each end, and, with the 

 exception of one, which selected the northwest corner of a card-board 

 box, the remainder of a brood, reared in confinement, attached them- 

 selves to the surface of ivy-leaves as follows : in four cases, a single pupa 

 on the upperside of a leaf ; in two cases, a single pupa on the underside 

 of a leaf; in two cases, two pupae on the underside of a leaf; in one case, 

 three pupae on the upperside of a leaf ; in one case, one pupa on the 

 upper- and two on the underside of the same leaf. On March 20th, 

 1897, a $ was observed drying its wings, at 9 a.m., under an ivy- 

 covered wall, at Eeigate (Prideaux) ; similarly, at Stroud, on more 

 than one occasion, specimens have been met with, in April, drying 

 their wings on grass-stems, at the foot of ivy-clad walls, suggesting 

 that the larvae had undergone pupation either among the herbage or 

 on the surface of the soil (Davis). The pupal stage is said to average 

 11 days in summer, in Pomerania (Paul and Plotz), but the time varies 

 considerably. [For further notes on "Pupation " see antea p. 410.] 



Pupa. — The form of the pupa is a fairly ordinary Lycaenid one. 

 The thorax is proportionally small, both in height and width. Com- 

 pared with the few other Lycaenid pupae I know, it is unusually hairy. 

 The pupa of Everes arr/iades has longer, but not quite so numerous, hairs. 

 It is a rather small pupa, 9'Omm. long, 3mm. high at middle of meso- 

 thorax, 3*7mm. at 3rd abdominal segment, which is its highest point ; 

 these are respectively 2-0mm. and 5 -Omm. from front. The ventral 

 surface is nearly flat, projecting slightly at the first legs, and the ends 

 of the wings ; a little raised from surface on which it lies, at extreme 

 front, and from first legs for some 2mm., opposite " waist " above. The 

 front leaves the surf ace ventrally, not quite vertically, but sloping forwards 

 for about 1mm., when the extreme front (dorsal head-piece) is about 

 0-5mm. in front of the ventral (fiat) surface. The outline (now dorsal) 

 then bends backward somewhat sharply, passing in a nearly straight 

 line to the top of the metathorax ; thence there is a trifling fall to the 

 lowest point over the 1st abdominal segment, thence a fine regular 



