454 BEITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



of brown freckles, directed from the sides of the head towards the end 

 of the keel at the depression ; the eye-covers are blackish, the wing- 

 covers pale greyish with rays of brown freckles, and outlined with a 

 thin brown edging, their surface smooth, rather more glistening than 

 the other parts, which are thickly studded with fine, short, brownish 

 bristles (Buckler). [For further description of "pupa," see antea, 

 p. 410] . 



Dehiscence. — The dehiscence of the pupa of C. argiolus is by 

 slitting* dorsally down the dorsal head-piece and the whole thorax, and 

 a separation m one piece of the front head-cover, with legs, antenna?, 

 etc. ; this, however, retains its hold, at its posterior extremity, to the 

 wings and the 4th and 5th abdominal segments. The prothorax is 

 also very apt to separate from the mesothorax, and is often carried 

 away by the emerging insect and lost. There is, further, a good deal 

 of loosening of many sutures, without actual opening. The thorax is 

 thus all but separated from the 1st abdominal segment. The ab- 

 dominal sutures seem to be loosened dorsally. It is noteworthy that, 

 when opened, the membrane that still attaches the borders is colourless, 

 and looks structureless, in nearly all the incisions, indicating that they do 

 not admit of movement during life ; the exception is the suture 

 between the 5th and 6th abdominal segments, where there is, dorsally 

 only, a portion of intersegmental membrane continuous with the 5th 

 segment, tessellated and with raised skin-points ; similar, but sharper, 

 points exist on the front margin of the 6th abdominal segment ; a 

 similar, but less pronounced, condition exists between the 4th and 5th 

 abdominal segments. It seems probable, therefore, that, at these points, 

 some movement is possible during life. I do not know whether it has 

 ever been observed, but one probably takes it too much for granted 

 that these Lycaenid pupae are completely solid. Although the inner 

 membranous dissepiments attach the legs, antennae, etc., strongly, but 

 loosely, to the ends of the wings, the head-piece easily separates from 

 the appendages, the antennae from the legs, etc., on slight violence, 

 possibly a provision for the further freeing of the imago when it emerges, 

 if an awkward position of the pupa prevents the normal splittings from 

 opening widely enough (Chapman). 



Time of appearance. — This species, in Britain, may be single-, 

 partially double- or occasionally partially triple-brooded, i.e., in 

 some districts, e.g., Ireland, Lancashire, etc., the species may be 

 entirely single- brooded whatever the season, and, in cold backward 

 seasons, this may be so in other districts, where, under more favourable 

 conditions, the species is generally, at least, partially double-brooded, 

 e.g., Kent, etc., in 1888, whilst, in very favourable years, not only may 

 there be a large second brood in July and early August, but a partial 

 third brood later in the year. Itis probable, however, that, even under the 

 most favourable conditions, some pupae of every brood (spring, summer 

 and autumn) go over until the following year, and combine to make up 

 the spring emergence of that year. Prideaux says that, of some pupae 

 that assumed this state in June, 1900, from larvae from ova laid May 

 28th, 1900, all but five imagines emerged on July 17th, 1900, and 

 subsequent days, and these five went successfully over the winter, and 

 emerged in April, 1901 ; Joy states that, some pupae that assumed that 

 form in June, 1905, partly produced imagines in August of that year, 

 the remainder going over the winter, and emerging in April, 1906 ; 

 Prideaux further notes that he collected two dozen larvae in the Isle of 



