458 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



(Barrett) , at Weston-super-Mare (Whittaker) , at Castle Moreton (Dobree- 

 Fox), and throughout August to the first week in September, 1901, in Essex 

 — Southend, etc. (Whittle). The second brood was common in August^ 

 1904, at Tintern and Llandogo (Bird) ; abundant in August, 1905, at 

 Maldon, etc. (Baynor). As to its double-broodedness on the continent 

 of Europe, we note that, in southern and central Finland, the species is not 

 uncommon, but it occurs only in May and June (Federley), although in 

 the Baltic Provinces it is at least partially double-brooded (Nolcken) r 

 as also in the Bussian province of Wiatka (Kroulikow T sky). In 

 Germany, the species occurs almost exactly as in the British Islands ; 

 here and there an authority notes it as single-brooded, or as having 

 a very rare and partial second-brood, but, generally speaking, the latter 

 is noticed, and is said to vary considerably according to the season. 

 The following notes show the records for the various States: — the first 

 brood April-May, the second in July-August, in Brunswick 

 (Heinemann), in Hesse (Bossier), in Thuringia (KrieghofT), in the 

 province of Saxony (Stange), in the kingdom of Saxony (Steinert), in 

 Brandenburg (Fuchs), in Silesia (Wocke), in Baden (Meess and 

 Spuler) ; the first from the end of April to mid-Jime, the second from 

 mid-July to mid-August in East and West Prussia (Speiser) ; mid- 

 April (earliest date April 8th, 1862) and May, and again end of June 

 and July in Mecklenburg (Stange) ; April- June, and again July-August 

 in Hanover (Jordan) ; April (earliest date April 7th, 1862) to May, 

 and July- August in the Bhine Provinces (Weymer) ; April (earliest 

 date April 8th, 1862) to commencement of June, and then mid-July- 

 August (Speyer) ; in May and again in August in Pomerania (Paul 

 and Plotz) ; in May and then in July-August, in Holsatia, Hamburg 

 and Schleswig (Boie); in early May and again at the end of July in Bavaria 

 (Kranz). No doubt, in Austro-Hungary, the species is more or less early 

 or late in the time of its appearance, and also more or less sparingly or abun- 

 dantly double-brooded, according to elevation, although April and July 

 are noted as general for the country by Hofner, e.g., the broods are not dis- 

 tinguished in Moravia, imagines occurring from May to July, whilst, 

 in Carinthia, three broods are evidently recognised, April to early June,, 

 then early June to mid-August (Hofner), also at St. Jakob, September 

 (8th) to October (6th) (Fritsch) ; April-May and again July- August, in 

 Bohemia (Hiittner and Fritsch), and in Upper Austria (Himsl) ; end 

 of April-May and again in July in Lower Austria (Bossi) ; and April 

 (13th) to May (11th), and again in August in the Tyrol (Fritsch). 

 Gillmer notes that the second-brood is greater than the first in 

 Mecklenburg, whilst Fuchs says that, in Hesse, the second-brood is 

 much the rarer ; the second-brood is also recorded as very rare in the 

 Kingdom of Saxony. In the Baltic Provinces the insect is usually 

 abundant in May (although Lienig once took it as early as April 11th), 

 whilst it occurs again occasionally in July (Nolcken). The time 

 of appearance of the species in North America is practically 

 identical with that in Europe, the first-brood in the more northern 

 States and Canada agreeing with the dates of Central Europe, viz., 

 April-May, the second-brood from early July until August, and are 

 sometimes still to be seen in September, the second-brood being usually 

 less abundant than the preceding. In the extreme north — Yukon 

 river, Alaska, Anticosti, etc. — the species is single-brooded, or only an 

 occasional specimen occurs as second-brood ; this agrees with what 

 also takes place in the White Mountains at considerable elevation. 



