On the Newer Pliocene Period in England. 143 



of the ice which thus blocked up and raised the water-line within 

 the systems of the Welland, 1ST en, Ouse, and Cam having overridden 

 this brick-earth and covered it with the Chalky Clay. 



He then described the gravel (/ of his figures) of the Thames 

 valley, and showed that it was the continuation of the gravel previ- 

 ously described by him as synchronous with the Chalky Clay, and 

 which, as described by him in the first part of his paper, was over- 

 lain, and also underlain by that clay, it inosculating with those 

 gravels, up the valleys of the Lea and (Middlesex) Colne. 



He then described the Cyrena- jluminalis formation, which he 

 showed as originating in a depression which raised the water-line in 

 the Thames valley at Grays and Crayford to about 100 feet above 

 the present sea-level, and proportionately higher on the west of 

 London ; and described the formation as consisting, at Grays, of four 

 divisions, which in their upward order he called 1, 2, 3, and 4, — 

 No. 1 being the gravel base, No. 2 mostly brick-earth with freshwater 

 shells, No. 3 yellow sand containing freshwater shells in the lower 

 part, but unfossiliferous and false-bedded in the upper, and No. 4, 

 a clay or loam, also unfossiliferous. 



These, he showed, are mutually transgressive, both at Grays and 

 at Clacton, No. 3 at Clacton becoming estuarine by the intermixture 

 of marine shells with the Cyrena, and No. 4, a loamy gravel which is 

 unfossiliferous, while, from its greater transgression, No. 4 spreads 

 so widely over the gravel / that remnants of it occur at Slough, 

 "West Drayton, and other places. He then traced the formation north- 

 wards in Suffolk ; and from the Cyrena not being associated there 

 with other than freshwater shells (except at Gedgrave, where the 

 marine shells associated with it are derivatives from the Crag), he 

 inferred that the depression did not bring the sea into Suffolk or East 

 Norfolk. In West Norfolk and around the Wash, however, it did 

 so, the Cyrena being associated with the marine gravel at March. 

 The evidences of this depression bringing in the sea around the 

 Wash (which consist of the Nar brickearth and the gravel of 

 Hunstanton, March, and other places in the Fen country with 

 marine shells) extend to about 30 feet elevation. This gravel 

 at Overton, near Peterborough, passes down into a bed with 

 freshwater shells only, thus resembling the Clacton bed, and at 

 March contains the Cyrena in abundance. Northwards the for- 

 mation is represented by the Cymia-gravel of Kelsea Hill, in Hol- 

 derness ; and the evidences of depression rise in that direction to 

 near 100 feet, as a brick-earth, at Kirmington in North Lincoln- 

 shire, at between 80 and 90, containing mammalian remains and 

 Scrobicularia piperata, with valves united, is regarded by the author 

 as part of the formation ; and he instanced the ripple-marked pan 

 beneath this formation at Hessle as evidence of redepresssion or 

 transgression similar to that afforded by the Mollusca at Overton 

 and Clacton. He then described this gravel as extending up the 

 vales of York and Tees to about a similar elevation, and as passing 

 in them, as it does in Holderness, under the clay of the minor glacia- 

 tion. Southwards he traced the formation as represented by the 



