196 Electromagnetic and Calorimetric Absolute Measurements. 



electromotive force E during the time that within the element 

 the quantity m of zinc is consuming is 



Hence, if the galvanic laws of Joule, Ohm, and Faraday are 

 universally true, the quantities of heat Q tl and Q 2 which two 

 different electromotive forces E x and E 2 develop in their cir- 

 cuits during the time they consume equal quantities of zinc 

 must be in exactly the same proportion as the electromotive 

 forces E t and E 2 . Consequently M. Favre's measurements and 

 the three laws mentioned are irreconcilable with each other. 



M. Favre's results are refuted by the above-stated determi- 

 nations. The relative values of the electromotive forces, mea- 

 sured by a galvanometric method, have been found to be : — 



For Bunsen's element, in the mean, 



^=19-927. 

 For Daniell's element with sulphuric acid, in the mean, 



£ 2 = 11-830. 

 For Daniell's element with sulphate of zinc, 



e 3 = 11-451. 



And the absolute values of these electromotive forces, deter- 

 mined simultaneously by the heat generated in the entire 

 circuit, have given : — 



For Bunsen's element, in the mean, 



19-017 x ioio("iiUim.*»niIIigr.*\ =Ej , 

 \ sec. / 



For Daniell's element with sulphuric acid, 



11-301 x io i »(^ 11 ^ ilH e^)=E 2 . 



For Daniell's element with sulphate of zinc, 



10-954xlO" ( mmim - l T lligr -V E s . 



\ sec. / 



From these we get for the ratio of the galvanometrically 

 measured electromotive forces and the electromotive forces 

 measured by their heat-evolution the values 



£ =1-684, ^=1-740, ^- = 1-033, 

 e 2 y e 3 e z 



'a 



3=1-683, 3 = 1-737, 3=1-031, 



