Crews. 



Deaths. 



. 138 



7 



. 180 



1* 



. 46 





. 40 



4 



. 66 



5t 



. 90 



2 



. 90 



4J 



. 40 





Wint wings in the Arctic Regions during the last fifty years, 351 



occurred during the winterings. The following are English ex- 

 peditions : — 



1848-49, Sir James Clarke Ross 



1850-51, Captain Austin . . 



1850-51, Captain Penny . . . 



1849-50, Mr. Saunders . . . 



1850-54, Captain M'Clure . . 



1852-54, Sir E. Belcher . . . 



1852-54, Captain Kellett . . 



1852-54, Commander Pullen . 



The great scientific results of these expeditions, and especially 

 the enormous extent of coast which was explored by them, are 

 well known. In the first place, towards the north, Smith Sound 

 was investigated by Kane ; and the coasts of Wellington Channel 

 and the entire north coast of Parry Island were examined by 

 Belcher. M'Clure penetrated from Behring's Strait through 

 Investigator Sound, wintered three times in Banks's Land, and 

 once, when he was obliged to abandon his ship, on Melville 

 Island with Kellett ; and he was the first who demonstrated the 

 existence of a north-west passage by his actually tracing water- 

 passages from Behring's Strait to Baffin's Bay, although these 

 were in part impassable for ships. Kennedy and the French 

 officer Bellot, who attached themselves to the expedition as vo- 

 lunteers, discovered Bellot's Strait, named after the latter, ex- 

 plored Prince-of- Wales's Land on the further side of Franklin's 

 (Peel's) Strait, and returned northwards round North Somerset 

 to their winter harbour in Batty Bay. 



This is the longest sledge-journey that has been undertaken 

 during the arctic explorations; its entire length amounts to 1200 

 nautical miles ; and it was performed without any depots for the 

 return journey. Of his crew of eighteen men Kennedy did not 

 lose one, and he had only a few quite unimportant cases of ill- 

 ness. He succeeded in bringing his little vessel (89J tons) back 

 to England in safety. 



M'Clintock, in Austin's expedition, gave a quite unprece- 

 dented development to sledge-journeys ; he improved the con- 

 struction of the sledges and the mode in which the depots were 



* Sickly from the first, and died in consequence of hardships on sledge- 

 journeys. 



t All the deaths in the last year, from scurvy. 



X One from disease of the heart, two from weakness in consequence of 

 hardships, and one upon a sledge-journey. 



It is unfortunately not stated, I. c, what the causes of death were ; and 

 only in the cases here cited in the notes are we able to give any account of 

 them. 



