358 MM. C. Borgen and R. Copeland's -Short Account of the 



fallen through a fissure of the ice into the water, had then gone 

 several miles in his wet clothes, and died in a hut which they 

 reached. 



In the spring of the following year Hayes commenced one of 

 the most toilsome sledge-journeys that has ever yet been made. 

 Its object was to penetrate as far as possible upon the coast of 

 Grinnell Land, and to reach the polar sea which had been seen by 

 Morton. On the way he was obliged to leave behind him a por- 

 tion of his party, and went forwards with only one young man of 

 I9years old (Knorr) and one dog-sledge,'until his further progress 

 was prevented, under 81° 35' N. lat. and 70° 30' W. long., by 

 rotten ice and partially open water which extended as far as the 

 eye could reach. He was compelled to abandon his desire of 

 penetrating into this water with the ship, as Smith Sound was 

 not free from ice this year; and so Hayes returned from his 

 interesting voyage in the autumn of 1861, to Boston. The im- 

 portant scientific results of this expedition have been published 

 by the Smithsonian Institution. 



Conclusions. 



With this the series of marine expeditions which have wintered 

 in the north is for the present closed. They furnish evidence 

 that with a little care a residence in the arctic regions is by no 

 means impossible. 



In the following Table the deaths which have occurred in these 

 arctic expeditions, so far as we are able to find reliable statements, 

 are summarized and their annual percentage for each expedition 

 given, in calculating which the actual duration of the expedition 

 has been taken into account, the duration of a voyage whieh ex- 

 tendedover a single winter being reckoned as a year and one-third. 



No. 



Commander and year. 



Ships. 



Crews. 



Deaths 



Annual 

 percentage. 



1. 



2. 



3. 

 4. 

 5. 

 6. 



7. 



8. 



9. 

 10. 

 11. 

 12. 

 13. 

 14. 

 15. 



Parry, 1819-20 



[375 tons. 

 1180 „ 

 150 „ 



2 ships. 



1 ship. 



1 „ 



4 ships. 



2 ,, 



f 144 tons. 



1 91 » 



1 ship. 



2 ships. 

 2 „ 



1 ship. 

 144 tons. 

 180 „ 

 133 „ 



SIT 



36 f 



23 

 129 

 138 



40 

 180 



46 



17| 



16 J 



66 



90 



90 



40 



18 



25 



18 



1 



4 

 24 

 7 

 4 

 1 

 







5 

 o 



4 



O 

 3 

 3 



0-86 



402 

 6-20 

 3-80 

 750 

 0-42 

 000 



0-00 



1-75 

 0-95 

 1-91 

 0-00 

 714 

 514 

 417 



John Ross, 1 829-33 



Franklin, 1845-48 



J. C. Ross, 1848-49 



Saunders, 1849-50 



Austin, 1850-51 



Penny, 1850-51 



De Haven (Kane), 1850-51. 

 M'Clure, 1850-54 



Belcher, 1852-54 



Kellett, 1852-54 



Pullen, 1852-54 



Kane, 1853-55 



M'Clintock, 1857-59 



Haves, 18G0-61 













2-92 





I 



