(28) 



by boiling. The boiled liquid is strained and evaporated 

 to form licorice extract. Some dry substance, as starch, 

 is usually added to give it the hardness required to form 

 "stick-licorice." The very best licorice is not made into 

 "sticks," but is run into pans or tubs to form large, rather 

 soft cakes. Ginger is a rootstock, the underground stem 

 of the ginger plant; cinnamon is a bark; bay, sage, mint, 

 and thyme are leaves; cloves are unopened flowers; mustard 

 Tonka-bean and nutmeg are seeds, and mace is the outer 

 coat of the nutmeg; and coriander, allspice, black-pepper, 

 celery-seed, and caraway-seed are fruits. Vanilla, a spec- 

 ially cured fruit, is produced in many tropical countries, 

 the best and highest-priced coming from the mountains of 

 Mexico; fineness, rather than strength of odor, determines 

 the value, and this depends upon the variety, the climate, 

 the cultivation, and the method and care employed in 

 curing; the wild product is the poorest. In cultivation 

 the flowers are pollinated by hand. The fruits, resembling 

 slender green bananas, are gathered before quite ripe and 

 are exposed to a steam-sweating by various devices; 

 they are then exposed to the sun each day, and wrapped 

 in woolen blankets each night, for some time. By this 

 process the odorous substance vanillin is developed. The 

 vanillin may all be in the body of the vanilla ("brown 

 beans"), or it may coat its surface in the form of shining 

 white crystals ("frosted beans"). Before this curing 

 process, vanilla contains no vanillin and has no special 

 fragrance or flavor. 



Dye Stuffs. Case 36. — The dye stuffs are represented 

 by logwood, madder, alkanet-root, indigo, and oak-galls. 

 The term "dye-stuffs" is applied to that class of vegetable 

 products from which coloring matters useful for dyeing 

 purposes are extracted. Such coloring matters may exist 

 in any part of the plant, but are most often obtained from 

 the wood, as from fustic, log-wood, and Brazil-wood. In 

 such cases they are found in the older central tissue of the 

 trunk, the so-called "heart-wood," but not in the outer 



