(38) 



wort are underground stems or rootstocks; sandalwood 

 and quassia-chips are woods; sassafras-medulla is pith; 

 birch, slippery-elm, sassafras, cinnamon, wild-cherry, horse- 

 chestnut, cascara, linden, and cinchona are barks; laurel, 

 hardhack, cherry-laurel, peach, senna, coca, and eucalyptus 

 are leaves; red-clover flowers, orange-flowers, linden- 

 flowers, heart's-ease, borage-flowers, safflower, marigold- 

 flowers, Roman-chamomile, German-chamomile, and mil- 

 foil-flowers are flowers and flower-heads; saw-palmetto, 

 cardamon, cubebs, hops, star-anise, poppy, rose-hips, 

 tamarind, Tonka-bean, and colocynth are fruits; colchi- 

 cum-seed, grain-of-paradise, betel-nut, mustard, delphin- 

 ium-seed, almonds, calabar-bean, Barbadoes-nut, castor-oil 

 seed, and henbane-seed are seeds. Refined drugs are well 

 represented, among others, by gum-arabic, a gum collected 

 from shrubs and trees of the genus Acacia; the most 

 common source is Acacia Senegal, a large shrub or small 

 tree growing throughout north-central and northwestern 

 Africa. Its gum is somewhat inferior to the old-fashioned 

 gum arabic obtained from species of northeastern Africa. 

 The gum, which is chiefly a compound of arabic acid and 

 calcium, exudes through orifices in the bark, resulting from 

 the punctures of insects and in other ways. In some in- 

 stances the collectors puncture the bark for the purpose 

 of causing the exudation. When hard and dry it is col- 

 lected and sent to the packing houses. Here it is assorted 

 into grades, according to color and purity, which are sold 

 by number. No. I gum arabic is nearly colorless. From 

 gum arabic most of the better grades of mucilage are made. 

 It is largely adulterated, especially with dextrin; such 

 mucilage quickly turns dark. Another well-known re- 

 fined drug is camphor. This important substance is col- 

 lected in China and Japan, but mostly in the Island of 

 Formosa, the Japanese government now having control 

 of almost the entire industry. It is distilled from the 

 chipped wood of the roots and lower part of the trunk of 

 large trees, by natives who encamp in the forest during 



