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wood and sandalwood; bark is the source of the oils of 

 birch, cinnamon, and sassafras; leaves yield the oils of 

 hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, eucalyptus, and wintergreen; 

 flowers yield the oils of cloves, lilac-flower, and orange 

 flowers; fruits yield the oils of pepper, lemon, caraway, and 

 fennel; seeds furnish the oils of mustard, wormseed, nut- 

 meg, and almonds; while resins give us the oils of elemi, 

 mastic, myrrh, and frankincense. 



Perfumery. The volatile oils described above are the 

 principal substances used in the manufacture of perfumery. 

 Very often the perfumes are made by merely dissolving one 

 or more such oils in water, alcohol, or other substance capa- 

 ble of absorbing them. The oil-saturated water, produced 

 in the distillation process described above, is itself used as a 

 perfume. In other cases, layers of fresh fragrant flowers, as 

 roses or violets, are pressed tightly between layers of lard or 

 other fatty material, which absorbs the oil directly from 

 the flowers and constitutes pomades. In some cases, oils 

 having very offensive odors may have such odors completely 

 changed into agreeable ones by combination with some other 

 substance. 



Fumitories and Mastic atories. Cases 61-64. — The term 

 "fumitory" is applied to any substance used for producing 

 a smoke that is to serve some useful or desirable purpose. 

 That now almost exclusively employed for smoking by 

 human beings is tobacco, although various other substances 

 are often added to the latter. A "masticatory" is a 

 substance used for chewing. Tobacco is very largely 

 employed as a masticatory also, but has in recent years 

 been largely replaced by chewing gums of varying com- 

 position. In the chewing of these articles the chief or 

 only object sought is that of exercising the jaws, but there 

 are masticatories in use by the people of other countries 

 which produce far more important effects. This is notably 

 true of the coca-leaf, chewed by the natives of the South 

 American Andes and producing very powerful and im- 

 portant physiological effects. Most of the important 

 masticatories in use are shown in our collections. 



