On the Cae-Gwyn Cave, North Wales. 447 



this " earth " before the cavern had been subjected to water-action. 

 This action had broken up the floor, and completely resorted the 

 materials, and added sandy and gravelly material to the deposits ; 

 this sand and gravel had been examined by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, 

 who found that it agreed in every particular with the glacial sand 

 and gravel occurring in the valley a little way above. The large 

 limestone blocks in the cavern had also been evidently disturbed by 

 water-action ; they were invariably found in the lowest deposits, 

 and were covered over by laminated clay, sand, and gravels. The 

 author considered it certain that the caverns had been completely 

 filled with these materials, and in the case of the Cae-Gwyn Cave 

 they appeared to have been conveyed mainly through the entrance 

 recently discovered under the drift. The stratification at this 

 entrance was so marked, and could be traced so continuously in- 

 wards over the bone-earth, that there could be no doubt that this 

 was the main entrance. There was not the slightest evidence that 

 any portion of the material had been conveyed in through a swallow- 

 hole, and the conditions witnessed throughout were such as to pre- 

 clude any such idea. 



The author quoted a Report by Dr. Geikie, who considered that 

 the wall of the cavern had given way, but before the deposition of 

 the glacial deposits, which were subsequently laid down against 

 the limestone bank so as to conceal this entrance to the cavern. 



In conclusion, he referred to the presence of reindeer remains in 

 these caves, in conjunction with those of the so-called older Pleis- 

 tocene mammalia, proving that these had reached the area long 

 before the period of submergence, and evidently at an early stage 

 in the Glacial period. l£ was important to remember that reindeer 

 remains had been found in the oldest river-gravels in which im- 

 plements had been discovered. Man, as proved by the implements 

 discovered, was also present at the same time with the reindeer, 

 and it was therefore natural to suppose that he migrated into this 

 area in company with that animal from some northern source, 

 though this did not preclude the idea that he might also have 

 reached this country from some eastern or southern source, perhaps 

 even at an earlier period. 



Mr. De Ranee, in an Appendix, confirmed Dr. Hicks's observa- 

 tions as to the identity of the deposits outside the cavern with those 

 in its interior, and noted the occurrence of limestone blocks in the 

 lower deposits, not merely at the spot where the supposed broken 

 wall was situated, but also throughout the whole tunnel. He 

 stated that the sand bed forming the uppermost cave-deposit re- 

 sembled the sand associated with gravels in a pit 400 yards east of 

 the cave at a slightly higher level. The drift exposed in this gravel- 

 pit he believed to be of the same age as that of the Mostyn and 

 Bagillt pits to the north, which were undoubtedly overlain by 

 Upper Boulder-clay. The westerly termination of the bone-earth 

 outside the cave had not been determined, which he regretted ; but 

 traces of bone had been found at a point five feet from the over- 

 hanging ridge of the cave. 



