J. E. Dueeden — Jamaican Actiniaria : Part I. — Zoanthece. 



333 



ZOANTHUS, Lamarck, 1801. 



Brachycnemic Zoantheae, with a double inesogloeal sphincter muscle. The 

 body -wall is unincrusted ; the ectoderm is usually discontinuous ; well-developed 

 ectodermal canal system in the mesoglcea. Monoecious or dioecious. Polyps 

 connected by a thin lamellar ccenenchynie, stolons, or, more rarely, free. 



The synonymy of the genus Zoanthus is given by most recent writers upon 

 the Zoanthidse. 



The following are the references to the genus Mammillifera, which, as shown 

 below, must be merged in Zoanthus : 



Mammillifera, 

 Mamillifera, . 

 Mammillifera, 

 Mamillifera, . 

 Palythoa (pars.) 

 Zoanthus, 

 Mamillifera, . 



Mammillifera, 



Mammilifera, 



Polythoa and Zoanthus (pars.), 



Mammillifera, 



Mammilifera, 



Mammillifera, 



Mammillifera, 



Zoanthus, 



Lesueur, 1817, p. 178. 



Blainville, 1834, p. 329. 



Ehrenberg, 1834, p. 46. 



Duchassaing, 1850, p. 11. 



Milne-Edwards, 1857, p. 301. 



Gosse, 1860, p. 296. 



Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1860, p. 



1866, p. 136. 

 Verrill, 1869, p. 495. 

 Hertwig, 1882, p. 111. 

 Andres, 1883, pp. 306 and 323. 

 Erdmann, 1885. 

 Hertwig, 1888, p. 35. 

 M c Murrich, 1889, p. 117. 

 Haddon and Shackleton, 1891, p. 630. 

 McMurrich, 1896, p. 188. 



327; 



The distinction between the Zoanthese and other Actiniae was first recognised 

 by Cuvier in 1798, and the genus Zoantha first employed by Lamarck in 1801. 

 Later, Cuvier (1817) restricted Zoanthus for Actinians occurring in groups ad- 

 hering to a common base, which is sometimes broad and flat, and at other times 

 a sort of creeping stem. In the same year, Lesueur (1817) separated, under the 

 genus Mammillifera, those which have " A large cuticular expansion, serving 

 as the base of numerous animals which, when contracted, assume the form of 

 mammae." This genus was received by Blainville (1834), Ehrenberg (1834), and 

 Duchassaing (1850). Milne-Edwards (1857) united the included species under the 

 genus Palythoa, established by Lamouroux (1816). Duchassaing and Michelotti 

 (1860 and 1866) again separated the two genera, restricting Palythoa to the 

 forms which have the integuments hardened by incrusting foreign matter. Gosse 

 (1860) embraced, under Zoanthus, both the Palythoa of Lamouroux and the 

 Mammillifera of Lesueur in addition to the other genera, all forms spreading 



