I to SUPERFICIAL GEOLOGY OF DUNDAS VALLEY. 



lake level. There are exposed in the cutting of this stream, several 

 fractures crossing the ravine at various angles ; all nearly right angles ; 

 and one of these fractures nearly half way up the stream, on the right 

 hand side looking up shows an opening of from eighteen inches to two 

 feet, passing down through the broken band to the heavy limestone 

 bed. Here the fracture seems to have divided, and passes down 

 through this limestone bed in the shape of two close jointed fractures, 

 with a distance of twelve feet between the joints or lines of fracture. 

 This fracture if continued westward, should come out on the face of 

 the escarpment a little further up the valley. I have not yet seen the 

 outcome of it. It may, however, in its course, have met other frac- 

 tures running in the other direction, or passing back into the coun- 

 try. This would be no uncommon occurrence, as this eastern es- 

 carpment is full of fractures running from the face back. Indeed, I 

 am inclined to think from the curved and broken appearance of the 

 Chedoke ravine, that that stream has in its course followed the lines 

 of several such fractures. Such a course would enable the stream 

 to cut out the channel it has done at a much more rapid rate than it 

 could otherwise do. Several other streams further west have also 

 succeeded in cutting for themselves channels, and forming ravines 

 quite as large, and have their courses filled with drift in much the 

 same manner as Chedoke. The stream near Ancaster forming 

 Tiffany's Falls flows through a ravine not so wide nor as long as 

 Chedoke, but when the gravel hills lying close to its edges are taken 

 into account a great many feet deeper. Tiffany's Falls flow over a 

 sheer precipice of over eighty feet. The cliff is broken into two 

 divisions by a heavy four or five feet band of limestone. This band is 

 underlaid by blue shales containing in many places, patches of an 

 earthy iron ore. The shales overlying the thick band are Niagara 

 shales. Some distance up (about one hundred yards) the stream 

 flows over a smaller fall, or linn, of sixteen or eighteen feet in height, 

 entirely composed of thin shales containing patches of chert. This 

 second fall is the continuation of the second escarpment, seen at 

 Guest's lime-kiln, the overlying beds of the Barton Lime Ridge 

 and Guest's quarry being exposed a few yards further inland. 

 Between the falls and the linn, the stream has hollowed out the shales 

 so as to give them the appearance of being set on edge. 

 There are other smaller streams, dry in summer, but foaming 



