RECENT FRESHWATER INVESTIGATIONS 319 



Zs'chokke (95) and of his students and associates Stingelin, 

 Fuhrmann and others, is of great value. On the northern 

 slope of the mountains Hofer, Heuscher and Steck, toward 

 the west and south and in the Jura Forel, Blanc, Pitard, 

 Studer, Weber, de Guerne et Richard, Blanchard et Richard 

 and Pugnat. On the south of the Alpine chain, Garbini, Pero, 

 Fuhrmann (95), Klunzinger (97a), Wagner (97a); in Italy, Riz- 

 zardi and Garbini, and in Portugal, Nobre and de Guerne et 

 Richard (96) are among those noted in the list. 



On this continent the work of E. B. Forbes, Herrick and 

 Turner, Schacht, Sharpe, Turner (94) and Wolcott (98) is 

 general in extent. On the freshwater fauna of Canada are 

 noted Koenike and Ross (97); on that of the Atlantic coast 

 region Montgomery, Calkins, Whipple, and others; on that of 

 the Great Lakes and contiguous territory, Birge, Jennings, 

 Kellicott, Kofoid (96), Marsh, Reighard, F. Smith, Walker, 

 Ward (94, 96a), Wolcott (94) and Woodworth (96); on the 

 freshwater fauna of the central region Eigenmann, Hart, 

 Heinpel, Kofoid (96b, 98), Woodworth (97), and others; 

 further south Herrick (95), Turner (94) and Seurat; on the 

 plains toward the west Brewer and Ward (98); in the mountains 

 S. A. Forbes (93), and on the island of Hayti, Richard (95a) 

 record the work of the period under consideration. 



Yiewed from the hydrographic standpoint, freshwater or- 

 ganisms may be discussed with reference to the particular envi- 

 ronments which each type of water basin affords; one may 

 distinguish roughly the brook, river, swamp, pond and lake as 

 types of environment. These have been very unequally studied 

 as accords with the difficulty and probable results of the inves- 

 tigation. Stockmayer (94) has given a brief summary of the 

 general biologic aspect of the life of the brook, or in fact of 

 water in general, and of the problems to be solved by a station 

 located in a region rich in brooks; such a station is certainly a 

 great desideratum in freshwater work. No record appears of 

 work done on such a body of water. 



The importance of studies on a river have been emphasized 



