1892.] S. E. Peal — Communal Barracks of Primitive Races. 251 



of the Baupara tribe, those for the young -unmarried men are named 

 as follows : — 



1. 



Ra man Pah. 



2. 



Pak Ke 



3. 



Yong tong „ * 



4. 



Ra Wok „ 



5. 



Ten tok „ 



6. 



Lo tong „ * 



7. 



Ko nu Pah * 



8. 



Nok sa ,, 



9. 



]STai tong ,, * 



10. 



bin „ * 



11. 



Pa nu 



12. 



Pa sa 



13. 



Yang hum Pah. 



The first six belong to the smaller half of the village (which is divi- 

 ded by a deep khud, whence water is obtained from natural springs). 

 The other seven are in the other portion of the village which includes the 

 residence of the chief or " Yang hum." The " Pah " marked thus* are 

 large ones commanding entrances to the village and are more or less 

 fortified. Towards the centre of the village there are several Pum 

 Pah (3 or 4) for little boys. The others are manned by the young 

 men who take it in turn to mount guard, day and night, 15 or 20 at a 

 time, but who in this tribe take their meals at home. 



Among a few of these tribes, the adults as well as juveniles are 

 habitually nude, and in all of them, until 17 or 18 years of age, both 

 sexes are absolutely so, except when visiting the plains. 



Here as among the " Wild races of 8. E. India," (by Colonel 

 Lewin,) " great license is allowed before marriage to the youth of 

 both sexes," p. 193 ; " every lad before marriage has his sweet-heart and 

 he cohabits with her whenever opportunity serves, p. 203. The inter- 

 course between both sexes is free aud unrestrained until after 

 marriage," p. 245. 



In most cases these " Pah " are obviously associated with commu- 

 nal customs of the highest importance to the tribe, not only are they 

 the schools in which the youths are graded and taught their duties, 

 and use of arms, but they are the recognized rallying centres in times 

 of public danger. Each contributes its share in all public labor, 

 such as repairing fortifications, clearing roads bridging rivers and in 

 building the houses, &c. 



They lie in fact at the basis of the social life as relics of a more 

 extensive communal system, which is slowly giving way to indivi- 

 dualism, and here, as elsewhere, the " Pah " are tabu to the married 

 woman . 



West of the Dikhu river we find these communal barracks for 

 young men, are called " Arlzu," by the " Ao " or Haimong. Besides 

 being the guest, council, and guard-houses the Arizu has the control 

 of all war matters, and fortification, has charge of the big village drum, 



