1895.] L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 401 



131. Cethosia hypsina, Felder. 



Snellen as penthesilea and cyane. Grose Smith as hypsea. Hagen 

 as cyane. Wallace. The C. penthesilea of Cramer appeal's to be a 

 distinct species, and occnrs in Java. The C. hypsea of Donbleclay and 

 Hewitson is the Bornean form. C. cyane, Drury, is the Indian form. 



132. Cethosia carolihjj, Forbes. 



C. Carolina?, Forbes, A Naturalist's Wanderings, p. 274 (1885). 

 A local race of 0. methypsea, Bntler, of the Malay Peninsula. 



133. Cethosia logani, Distant. 



Hagen as logani and biblis. May perhaps be a local race of 

 G. biblis, Drury, but in the Malay Peninsula both occur together. It 

 may be noted that Dr. Hagen records both in one paper from Sumatra 

 so both may be found there also. C. hypsina and C. logani occur at low 

 elevations, the latter even close to the sea — Dr. Martin once found 

 many larvas near the Saentis Estate only two miles distant from the 

 sea — whereas C. carolinse appears at the elevation of Bindjei, and 

 from, thence to the Central Plateau, those from high elevations being' 

 very richly coloured. All species of Cethosia are forest butterflies 

 frequenting both large and small jungle. The always sombre dark 

 green forest is often made of a gayer aspect by the presence of these 

 numerous, vivid, and gorgeonsly-coloured butterflies. Their flight re- 

 sembles that of the Danainse and is slow and sailing. The larvae of 

 C. hypsina and G. logani live on Passiflora sp., and eat not only the 

 leaves but also the soft shoots of this creeper. The larva of C. logani 

 is yellow with black longitudinal stripes, of C. hypsina of a very 

 rich deep scarlet, broken only on the two median segments, which are 

 creamy-white. Both larvse have composite spines, they live in 

 societies, and are always found in large numbers. On one occasion 

 when Dr. Martin was collecting the larvse of G. hypsina on a Passion- 

 Flower with red fruit, he noticed the protective position assumed by 

 some of the caterpillars which in eating a twig had surrounded it 

 entirely, so that this bunch of larvae even at a short distance looked 

 like one of the fruits. In breeding a large number of G. hypsina, Dr. 

 Martin noticed that the males emerged from the pupae one day earlier 

 than the females. None of the Sumatran species of Oethosia are dimor- 

 phic in the female, and none of them have dark females as have the 

 species from India, Ceylon, and Nias. 



134. Terinos atlita, Fabricius. 



Snellen. Grose Smith. Kirby. Hagen as teuthras, var. delianus, 



