1895.] L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 415 



It is very strong on the wing, and flies over high bushes and trees, and 

 alights on the uppersides of the leaves with open wide-spread wings. 

 When flying it keeps the wings very level and parallel with the ground, 

 the tips or apices of the fore wings slightly depr-essed, it flaps the 

 wings hut seldom, and is much given to soaring. The Sumatran form 

 is the one which lias been named P. Itlacinus by Butler, and lias a patch 

 on the internal area of the forewing and the basal area of the hindwing 

 on the upperside marked with lilac. In our area it occurs all the year 

 round at low elevations, not as high as Namoe Oekor, is not rare, but is 

 not easy to capture. Is found not only in high foi*est, but also in small 

 strips of forest and jungle always accompanying the smaller streams. 

 Is very fond of and is only found near water. In a boat journey up 

 the Bedagei River, both banks of which were covered with the flowers 

 of a snow-white lily, Dr. Martin noticed P. gambrisius settling in 

 considerable numbers on the flowers ; a beautiful sight for a lover of 

 nature. At the Batoe Mandi Estate on the high bank of the Wampoe 

 River are planted a few male papaya trees (which of course bear only 

 flowers and no fruit), and on these flowers the Javan collector Saki 

 captured a very fine series of specimens. 



186. Lebadea martha, Fabricius. 



Limenitis martha, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 59, n. 1, pi. i, fig. 4, 

 male (1869). 



Lebadea ulankara, Horsfield (martha, Fabricius ?), var. sumatrensis, Staudinger, 

 Ex. Scbmett., p. 142 (1886). 



Hagen. Butler as alankara and martha. Kirby. Distant. Stau- 

 dinger as alankara, var. sumatrensis, and martha, var. sumatrensis. 

 Fabricius described this species from Siam ; Butler says the type is 

 in the Banksian collection at the British Museum, he figures the species, 

 and records it from Sumatra. Not having any Siamese specimens of 

 Lebadea to compare with Sumatran ones, I accept Butler's identification ; 

 but should the Siamese and Sumatran species be found afterwards 

 to differ, Staudinger's name sumatrensis must stand. The genus is a 

 small one, and contains L. zsmene, Doubleday and Hewitson, from Sik- 

 him, Bhutan, Assam, and Upper Burma, which gradually merges into 

 L. attenuata, Moore, from Lower Burma, which again meets L. martha, 

 Fabricius = L. alankara, Horsfield, in the Malay Peninsula, found also 

 in Sumatra, Java and Banca ; another species being L. paduka (nee 

 L. panduka, Staudinger), Moore, from Borneo. Butler in Trans. Linn. 

 Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 565 (1877) gives both 

 L. alankara and L. martha from Sumatra, it is hardly probable that two 

 distinct species occur in one island, and, as will be seen above, I consider 

 those two names to represent one species. In our area it occurs from 



