436 L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3, 



edge of the broad outer black margin to the forewing on the upperside 

 straight and even, ending sharply on the inner margin of the wing at 

 some distance from the inner angle, in G. hebe the inner edge of the 

 band is much waved, it does not end sharply on the inner margin, and 

 it often ends at the anal angle instead of extending along the inner 

 margin for some distance as it always does in G. moori. The width of 

 the outer black border to the hindwiug on the upperside is very vari- 

 able, but it appears to be usually broader and better defined in G. moori 

 than in C. hebe, in which latter species it is sometimes reduced to a double 

 series of black spots (as in Butler's figure) being the remnants of incom- 

 plete ocelli. The width and extent of the greenish- white areas on the 

 underside are excessively variable in the two species, and as far as I can 

 judge from my large series of specimens from the Malay Peninsuln, 

 Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, present no specific characters. Herr Rober 

 in Ent. Nach., vol. xx, p. 290, and vol. xxi, p. 63 (1894-95), has 

 been at the pains to define the athamas, hebe, and jalysus groups of 

 Gharaxes, aud describes many new species, with which we have to 

 deal with C. heracles, Rober, froin Borneo (in bis first paper), and 

 from Borneo and Deli in Sumatra (in his second paper), supposed to 

 be a local race of G. moori; and G. albanus, Rober, from Deli, Sumatra, 

 supposed to be a local race of G. hebe. These two species have been 

 described from most inadequate material, and are in my opinion ab- 

 solute synonyms of G. moori and G. hebe respectively. Considering 

 the many bad species that have been created in the G. athamas group, 

 it is extraordinary that Herr Rober should have evolved a similar 

 chaos in the C hebe group. In the G. athamas group he describes 

 from single female examples G. fruhstorferi from South Java, and 

 0. phrixuSf also from Java, while admitting that he has never seen the 

 female of the most common of all the species of the group, G. athamas, 

 Drnry. In his first paper he puts G. hebe and G. moori in one group, 

 in his second paper he makes two groups of them. In his first paper 

 he rrives C hebe from Sumatra, in his second he gives the Sumatran 

 form of C hebe a new specific name, thongh the species was originally 

 described from Sumatra, and names the Javan form of C. hebe — G. java- 

 nus. Mr. Fruhstorfer in Ent. Nach., vol. xxi, p. 197 (1895) has de- 

 scribed still another Gharaxes from North Borneo of the moori group, 

 ■which he has named G. sandakamis. 



The three foregoing species are all much rarer than G. athamas, 

 but are quite similar in their habits. C. hebe and G. moori occur at 

 lower elevations in the Battak mountains from Selesseh to Bekantschan, 

 wbereas G. jalysus was mostly captured by the Gayoe collectors in the 

 foi-ests west of Langkat leading to their country. We have seen no 

 females of either of these species. 



