502 L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3, 



the forest hunting for flowers for herself, or for the f ood-plant of her larva. 

 Dr. Mai tin has often seen them on the same flower that is frequented 

 by the female of TJdaiana cynis, Hewitson. He has bred the butterfly 

 from the larva found feeding on a small shrub called by the Battaks 

 " Daoen Tangia," which grows on the banks of rivers. The larva 

 superficially does not greatly differ from the Iarvas of the Catopsilias, but 

 in shape is more slender. The pupa, however, is quite different, with 

 a stellar indented thorax. The imago emerges in seven days. Only 

 bred females have the beautiful olive-green colouring ; almost as soon as 

 they fly, this colour is bleached out. G. hippo occurs all over our 

 area, and is one of our most common butterflies. 



555. Catophaga leis, Hiibner. 



Hagen as amasene and leis. Distant. Wallace as alope. Grose 

 Smith as alope. I follow Mr. Distant in his identification of this 

 species, not having Hiibner's Zutraege Ex. Schmett. to consult ; also in 

 considering G. alope, Wallace, from India, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, 

 to be a synonym. 0. amasene, Cramer, described from China, is super- 

 ficially like the male of C. leis, and probably Dr. Hagen identified this 

 species under that name. Semper identifies G. leis as " Appias" agave, 

 Feldei", from the Philippines. In Sumatra G. leis is restricted to the 

 plains, and is only found in forest throughout the year. The female 

 is very rare ; the male comes to damp spots on forest roads as does 

 Catopsilia crocale, Cramer, aud many other Pierinse. Common near 

 Paya Bakong, the small forest reserve mentioned in the Introduction 

 (page 359). Distant has well figured the male and two forms of the 

 female from the Malay Peninsula. 



556. Catopiiaga paulina, Cramer. 



Grose Smith as albina and paulina. Hagen as paulina and albina. 

 Semper identifies this species from the Philippines as "Appias" albina, 

 Boisduval. The male of C. paulina from Sumatra exhibits the same 

 variations as it does in India, some specimens on the upperside of the 

 forewing having a marginal black thread only, others have the apex 

 widely, the outer margin decreasingly to the outer angle, powdered with 

 black scales, while there is found every gradation between these two 

 extremes. There are three distinct forms of female, the first and 

 second are white on the upperside of both wings, the third is dark 

 primrose-yellow-coloured ; on the underside of both wings the first is 

 of " A glossy tint of pearly- white " as Wallace well expresses it, the 

 second has the apex of the forewing and the entire hindwing rich 

 ochreous, the third has these areas of a different shade, ochreous 



