1895.] L. de Niceville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 539 



676. Gangara thyrsis, Fabricius. 



Hagen. Grose Smith. Semper. The giant of the Hesperiidas of 

 our area, and much rarer than E. thrax, Linnaeus, but occurs throughout 

 the year in places where Calamus grows, on which the white waxy- 

 powdered downy larva feeds. The pupa is hidden in three rolled-up 

 leaves, and is fixed by the extremity of the abdomen to a woven tiipod 

 in such a way that it can move in all directions. As soon as its shelter 

 is touched it makes such a loud rattling noise that anyone would be at 

 least startled or frightened on first hearing it. Like E. thrax, the 

 butterfly emerges from the pupa late in the afternoon (from 3 to 5 

 o'clock p.m.), and flies after sunset. 



677. Paduka lebadea, Hewitson. 



Originally described from Borneo, but found in Ceylon (subfasciata, 

 Moore), the Malay Peninsula ( glandnlosa, Distant), the Andaman Isles 

 (var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Niceville), N.-E. Sumatra, and 

 Java. It is very rare in our area, in all the time Dr. Martin was in 

 Sumatra he only obtained three specimens near the village of Selesseh 

 in March and April. 



678. Kerana armatus, Druce. 



Found only at higher elevations, from Bekantschan to the Central 

 Plateau, where it is fairly common and occurs throughout the year. 



679. Kerana gemmifer, Butler. 



Butler. Occurs from Selesseh to Bekantschan rather rarely 

 throughout the year. 



680. Kerana diocles, Moore. 



Tagiades maura, Snellen, Midden- Sumatra, Lep., p. 28, n. 1 (1892). 



Hao-en as tnaurus [sic]. Grose Smith as diocles. Found com- 

 monly throughout the year from Selesseh to the Central Plateau. Flies 

 near villages and houses, on roadsides and open places, never in the 

 large forests. 



681. Kerana fulgur, de Niceville. 



K. fulgur, de Niceville, Journ. A. S. B., vol lxiii, pt. 2, p. 55, n. 46, pi. i, fig. 6, 

 female (1894) ; idem, id., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 383, n. 42, pi. Q, 

 fig. 54, male (1895). 



Occurs in Selesseh and in the outer hills rarely throughout the 

 year. Dr. Martin and I obtained four pairs only. 

 J. ii 68 



