8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 149 



"Klioo" Notes during the Dawn Calling described above. They may 

 utter such series at any time during the day, including the first half 

 hour of daylight. Series of "Tzzheet" Notes at dawn are relatively 

 most common early in the breeding season, before copulations have 

 become frequent, and are relatively rare at the height of the breeding 

 season, when "Kioo" or "Klioo" Dawn Calling is most common. If 

 both performances are produced by thwarting of the same type of 

 sexual motivation, it is probably weaker when the "Tzzheet" series 

 are uttered than when the "Kioo" series are. 



There are certain connections between "Tzzheet" Notes and unmis- 

 takably hostile patterns. Typical "Tzzheet" Notes intergrade with 

 typical Hoarse Notes. They also are associated and intergrade with 

 the partly hostile Thin Rattles relatively frequently (see page 9). 

 Occasionally they are uttered immediately before or after actual 

 fights and/or are accompanied by hostile Back-ruffling (see page 

 13). It is possible, therefore, that at least some "Tzzheet" Notes 

 include a hostile component. If so the hostile component probably 

 is relatively weaker than in the "Greeting" Notes. 8 



A variety of vocal patterns may be grouped together under the 

 name of "Hoarse Flourishes." All are bisyllabic notes. They can be 

 transcribed in many slightly different ways, e.g. "Tseeeee-up." 

 "Wheeeee-ah," "Tseeeee-yah," "Tseeyoo," "Eeyah," "Kheezaa," and 

 Kheezoo." All notes of this type sound like bisyllabic versions of 

 typical "Tzzheet" Notes. The first syllable is always similar to a 

 "Tzzheet" Note in pitch, and the second syllable is apparently 

 always at least slightly lower in pitch. Both syllables are slightly 

 hoarse in the same way as "Tzzheet" Notes. These Hoarse Flourishes 



6 "Tzzheet" Notes are almost as similar to the typical Plaintive Notes of such 

 species as the brown-capped bush-tanager and the green-backed sparrow as to 

 the "Tseeet" Notes of crimson-backed tanagers. They resemble those Plaintive 

 Notes in some aspects of form, i.e. the fact that they include a fairly clear 

 "eee" sound and are less harsh or rasping than many other vocal patterns of the 

 species, as well as in their largely or completely nonhostile motivation and 

 their function as "summons." If they do not include a hostile component they 

 may be completely homologous with typical Plaintive Notes. If they are partly 

 hostile they may be partly homologous, i.e. their basic form may be homologous 

 with the Plaintive Notes of other species but their hoarse quality may have been 

 derived from another source. In either case they are probably related to the 

 "Kioo" or "Klioo" Notes (see also page 21). 



The comparative position of the "Tseeet" Notes of the crimson-backed tanager 

 is somewhat obscure. They are less hoarse than "Tzzheet" Notes but hoarser 

 than the Plaintive Notes of the brown-capped bush-tanager or the Green-backed 

 sparrow. If the "Tzzheet" Notes are of compound origin it is possible that 

 the "Tseeet" Notes are also. 



