10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I49 



patterns containing obvious sexual elements during encounters between 

 mates or potential mates. It seems likely, therefore, that they are 

 produced by motivation which is intermediate between that of typical 

 pure Rattles and that of typical "Tzzheet" Notes, i.e. when both 

 hostile tendencies are activated, and the attack tendency is relatively 

 much stronger than the escape tendency, but some non-hostile 

 "friendly" tendency (or tendencies) is activated simultaneously. 

 All or most Thin Rattles by themselves probably function as threat. 

 By themselves, however, they are relatively rare. They usually are 

 uttered in very close temporal association with "Tzzheet" Notes 

 and Hoarse Flourishes. This association is quite stereotyped in some 

 ways and would appear to have become ritualized as a whole. A 

 typical complete performance consists of one "Tzzheet" Note followed 

 immediately by one Thin Rattle followed immediately by one Hoarse 

 Flourish. The sequential relations appear to be almost invariable. 

 Sometimes one of the three patterns may be omitted, but the remain- 

 ing two apparently always occur in the same sequence as in typical 

 complete performances. Thus, for instance, one may hear incomplete 

 performances which consist of one "Tzzheet" Note followed by one 

 Thin Rattle, or one "Tzzheet" Note followed by one Hoarse Flourish, 

 or one Thin Rattle followed by one Hoarse Flourish, but not one 

 Thin Rattle followed by one "Tzzheet" Note or one Hoarse Flourish 

 followed by one "Tzzheet" Note. The nearest thing to a reversal of 

 sequence occurs during some complex performances which consist 

 of one "Tzzheet" Note, followed by one Thin Rattle, followed by one 

 Hoarse Flourish, followed by a second Thin Rattle, followed by a 

 second Hoarse Flourish ; but these performances obviously are nothing 

 more than two typical complete sequences uttered so rapidly that 

 they are partly "telescoped" together. The length of the Thin Rattle 

 in both complete and incomplete performances is extremely variable. 

 Most of the terminal Hoarse Flourishes are short and rather "slurred," 

 much shorter than many of the Hoarse Flourishes uttered singly or in 

 Dawn Calling series. Almost all the Hoarse Flourishes associated 

 with "Tzzheet" Notes and Thin Rattles are of the type which can be 

 transcribed as "Eeyah." 7 



7 The complex "Tzzheet" Note — Thin Rattle — Hoarse Flourish performances, 

 considered as a unit, seem to intergrade with both series of "Tzzheet" Notes and 

 single Hoarse Flourishes. Intermediates may take such forms as a series of 

 two or three "Tzzheet" Notes uttered more rapidly than usual and followed by 

 a single brief note of slightly lower pitch (i.e. a trace of the second syllable of 

 Hoarse Flourishes) or of an unusually prolonged Hoarse Flourish which in- 

 cludes a trace of rattle "undertone" toward the end of the first syllable. (These 



