no. 5 



THE YELLOW-RUMPED MANAGER — MOYNIHAN 



19 



belly. This raising may be quite extreme, but the tips of the feathers 

 are seldom or never separated from one another in a conspicuous 

 manner. Belly-fluffing seems to be rarer than Back-ruffling. Birds 

 uttering "Tzzheet" Notes may show a slight to moderate amount of 

 Belly-fluffing (see figure 3b). This is particularly likely to occur when 



Fig. 6. — Postures of a black-throated tanager and a yellow-rumped tanager. 

 From top to bottom : 



a. Back-ruffling and silent Gaping by the captive black-throated tanager 

 in the New York Zoo. 



b. and c. Head-down Postures of an adult male yellow-rumped tanager 

 during a high intensity dispute in the wild. 



they utter "Tzzheets" in series. I have seen really exaggerated 

 Belly-fluffing only twice. In one case a wild adult male showed 

 extreme Belly-fluffing in combination with Back-ruffling (see figure 

 5b) and uttered Thin Rattles after being approached by an adult 

 female or a juvenile bird. In the other case a captive male assumed 

 a rather low or "hunched" posture with Belly-fluffing, Crown-flatten- 

 ing, and slight Back-ruffling (see figure 4b), after being introduced 

 into the cage of another pair of yellow-rumped tanagers and being 



