﻿Interionic 
  Force 
  in 
  Electrolytes. 
  353 
  

  

  from 
  these 
  positions 
  by 
  an 
  applied 
  electric 
  field, 
  the 
  interionic 
  

   forces 
  act 
  as 
  restoring 
  forces 
  in 
  a 
  way 
  which 
  would 
  give 
  rise 
  

   to 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  rigidity 
  of 
  the 
  ionic 
  configuration 
  were 
  it 
  not 
  

   for 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  " 
  actions 
  which 
  produced 
  the 
  original 
  

   uniformity 
  " 
  (thermal 
  motions 
  ?) 
  will 
  cause 
  the 
  rigidity 
  to 
  be 
  

   continually 
  breaking 
  down. 
  The 
  process 
  of 
  breaking 
  down 
  

   originates 
  a 
  special 
  type 
  of 
  viscosity, 
  which 
  acts 
  in 
  addition 
  

   to 
  ordinary 
  viscosity 
  when 
  conduction 
  is 
  taking 
  place. 
  A 
  

   second 
  type 
  of 
  viscosity 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  polarization 
  of 
  the 
  medium 
  

   is 
  also 
  discussed, 
  and 
  the 
  conclusion 
  is 
  reached 
  that 
  when 
  

   these 
  viscosities 
  are 
  taken 
  into 
  consideration 
  the 
  diminution 
  

   of 
  X, 
  with 
  increase 
  in 
  the 
  concentration, 
  can 
  be 
  accounted 
  

   for 
  without 
  any 
  association 
  of 
  the 
  ions 
  into 
  molecules 
  taking 
  

   place. 
  

  

  Sutherland's 
  calculation 
  does 
  not 
  bring 
  the 
  conductivity 
  

   variation 
  into 
  any 
  relation 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  freezing-point 
  ; 
  

   and 
  it 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  several 
  speculative 
  hypotheses 
  which 
  are 
  

   not 
  always 
  convincing. 
  This 
  is 
  particularly 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  

   regard 
  to 
  the 
  assumed 
  configuration 
  of 
  the 
  ions 
  ; 
  the 
  special 
  

   type 
  of 
  regularity 
  of 
  this 
  is 
  a 
  feature 
  which 
  is 
  inconsistent 
  

   with 
  the 
  general 
  theory 
  of 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  ions 
  to 
  which 
  

   the 
  kinetic 
  theory 
  leads. 
  

  

  Effect 
  of 
  permanence 
  of 
  the 
  distribution 
  on 
  the 
  mobility. 
  — 
  The 
  

   method 
  of 
  calculation 
  adopted 
  here 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  assumption 
  

   that 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  ions 
  remains 
  undisturbed 
  in 
  the 
  

   interior 
  of 
  the 
  electrolyte 
  when 
  a 
  current 
  is 
  being 
  carried. 
  

   Suppose 
  we 
  have 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  positive 
  and 
  negative 
  ions 
  

   contained 
  in 
  a 
  volume, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  place 
  suppose 
  that 
  

   they 
  are 
  subject 
  to 
  no 
  interionic 
  forces. 
  We 
  must 
  assume 
  

   that 
  they 
  are 
  distributed 
  at 
  random 
  throughout 
  the 
  volume, 
  

   for 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  data 
  for 
  assuming 
  anything 
  else. 
  Now 
  

   suppose 
  that 
  an 
  external 
  electric 
  field 
  is 
  applied 
  which 
  gives 
  

   each 
  positive 
  ion 
  a 
  velocity 
  to 
  the 
  right, 
  and 
  each 
  negative 
  

   ion 
  one 
  to 
  the 
  left. 
  In 
  the 
  interior 
  of 
  the 
  volume 
  the 
  

   random 
  distribution 
  will 
  not 
  be 
  disturbed, 
  as 
  is 
  easily 
  seen 
  

   whether 
  the 
  velocities 
  are 
  all 
  equal 
  or 
  whether 
  they 
  vary 
  

   arbitrarily 
  from 
  ion 
  to 
  ion. 
  

  

  When 
  interionic 
  forces 
  are 
  present 
  the 
  distribution 
  is 
  no 
  

   longer 
  random. 
  It 
  becomes 
  modified 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  way 
  that 
  the 
  

   chance 
  of 
  a 
  positive 
  ion 
  being 
  found 
  in 
  a 
  given 
  position 
  will 
  

   depend 
  on 
  the 
  mutual 
  potential 
  energy 
  which 
  it 
  possesses 
  in 
  

   that 
  position 
  with 
  the 
  other 
  ions. 
  If 
  we 
  now 
  imagine 
  all 
  

   the 
  positive 
  ions 
  displaced 
  to 
  the 
  right 
  and 
  the 
  negative 
  ones 
  

   to 
  the 
  left 
  — 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  or 
  with 
  arbitrary 
  velocities 
  — 
  the 
  

   distribution 
  will 
  be 
  disturbed. 
  It 
  will, 
  in 
  fact, 
  tend 
  to 
  be 
  

   converted 
  into 
  a 
  random 
  distribution, 
  Consequently 
  we 
  see 
  

  

  