The Rev. 0. Fisher on the Warp o/Mr. Trimmer. 231 



endeavoured to show that the Chillesford beds were beneath the 

 Fluvio-marine Crag, Mr. S. V. Wood in this paper first drew atten- 

 tion to certain facts which appeared to him to prove the contrary 

 view, especially the relations of the deposits as exhibited in pits at 

 Wangford and at Thorpe, near Aldborough. The author then drew 

 attention to the character of the fossils of the Red Crag as affording 

 evidence of one of the. most rapid changes in fauna that Geology 

 affords; and he showed that this deposit contains the evidence of a 

 transition by stages, from the oldest — where the affinities of the 

 fossils are to a great extent with those of the Coralline Crag, and to 

 a greater extent with the existing fauna of the Mediterranean — to the 

 newer stages, in which the shells are very few, and confined to types 

 peculiarly northern. 



2. " Note on supposed Remains of the Crag on the North Downs, 

 near Folkestone." By H. W. Bristow, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S. 



An examination of these sands at Paddles worth had convinced the 

 author of their similarity to certain ferruginous clayey sands with 

 masses of ferruginous grit, which occur in the Hampshire Basin 

 and belong to the Woolwich and Reading series ; and he therefore 

 concluded that if the Kentish beds can be proved to belong to any 

 other member of the Tertiary series, it is only to be done by the 

 evidence of the fossils. 



3. " On the Warp of Mr. Trimmer, its age and probable con- 

 nexion with the latest geological events and changes of climate." 

 By the Rev. O. Fisher, M.A., F.G.S. 



The author commenced by referring to the opinion of the late 

 Mr. Trimmer respecting the origin of soils, that they are composed 

 of the debris of the underlying rocks, together with transported 

 materials. He then showed that the adventitious matter usually 

 occurs filling furrows in the subjacent rock, and appears to have 

 been carried forward in a plastic state, and not water- drifted. The 

 author named it " trail," and explained that the variation of soils 

 arises from its incorporation with the disintegrated matter. The 

 furrows were considered to be indications of the last denudation of 

 the surface, and it was suggested that they may have been formed 

 by land-ice. The ice- sheet having finally disappeared, the formation 

 of the warp with its basal pebbles was considered to be due to 

 meteoric action. The warp was then stated to be older than the 

 last depression of the land, and to underlie the Scrobicularia-cl&y, 

 while the gravels beneath the submarine forests at the mouths of 

 many valleys were also supposed to be trail. 



In conclusion, Mr. Fisher discussed the theories of M. Adhemar 

 and Mr. Croll, showing that the events as traced in the former part 

 of the paper agree with their views, and that their determination of 

 the date of the commencement of the alluvial period (the period of 

 the retirement of the sea from our lower valleys^) coincides remark- 

 ably with that assigned to it on totally different grounds by Mr. 

 Prestwich, of from 8000 to 10,000 years. 



