Mounds at St. Andrews. 



325 



Parts, measured in millimetres. 



Cow of the 

 turbaries, 

 Switzer- 

 land. 



Ox of the 

 marl- 

 beds, 

 Italy. 



Ox of the 



shell- 

 mound, 

 St. An- 

 drews. 



Large Ox 



of the 

 turbaries, 

 Switzer- 

 land. 



Large Ox 

 of the 

 shell- 

 mound, 

 St. An- 

 drews. 



Circumference of horn-core at base. 

 Diameter of base (vertical) 



120-155 

 34-43 

 43-55 



70-73 

 179-182 

 45-50 

 46-53 

 26-28 

 62-65 



40 

 37-40 



52 

 26 



140 

 36 

 50 



27-36 



20 

 13 



34 



58-72 

 162-190 

 45-49 

 45-50 

 23-35 

 59-60 



36-43 

 35-36 

 38-48 

 43-50 

 20-26 



125-130 

 30-32 

 39-48 



33 



22 

 15 



34 



61 

 170 

 50-55 

 48-50 

 25-26 

 56-61 



35-40 

 35-39 

 43-45 

 47-52 

 22-24 



130-182 

 39-51 

 42-64 



68-69 



68 

 40-41 



176-190 

 49-54 

 58-63 



62 

 62 

 35 



„ „ (horizontal) 



Height of jawbone before first) 



premolar J 



Molars (second) , long 



,, ,, broad 



Premolars (second and third uni- 1 

 ted), lone: 1 



Humerus, breadth of trochlea 



Metacarpus, greatest length 



„ diam. of upper tuberosity. 



„ „ the trochlea ... 



„ the diaphysis . . . 



Astragalus, total length 



Tibia, breadth of superficies of 1 

 articulation with astragalus ... J 



Astragalus, diameter of inferior 1 

 surface of articulation J 



Metatarsus, diameter of upper 1 

 superficies of articulation J 



Metatarsus, diameter of lower 1 

 superficies of articulation , | 



Metatarsus, diameter of the dia-1 

 physis J 



Of the remains of the Horse, there was the posterior part of 

 a cranium ; the anterior part had been broken off transversely in 

 front of the orbital cavities ; the ethmoid bone seems to have been 

 then broken away, apparently for the purpose of gaining easy 

 access to the brain, which appears in this as well as in other ani- 

 mals, to have been a material of considerable importance in the 

 estimation of our savage precursors. Besides this part of a skull, 

 there was dug up the left ramus of a lower jaw, broken across at 

 the symphysis, and containing all the molars in their places. 

 There were likewise pieces of the distal ends of the tibia, and of the 

 metacarpal and metatarsal bones. Two of the large metatarsal 

 bones and some of the phalanges were entire ; with these excep- 

 tions, the long bones were all more or less broken ; they had not, 

 however, been so universally split open as those of the ruminants. 

 These bones, so far as they go, certainly indicate that the horse 

 was then much less than our modern species, and with smaller 

 and more delicately formed limbs, which would undoubtedly have 

 rendered it unsuitable for most of the purposes to which the 

 horse is usually applied at the present day. In size and propor- 

 tion it seems much nearer the fossil species (Equus fossilis) than 

 any of the existing races in this country; and compared with them, 



