Mounds at St. Andrews. 



327 



of the subject justly demands. This must be done if we expect 

 ever to arrive at anything like a correct knowledge of the kind of 

 animals that surrounded man in the so-called ages of stone and 

 bronze, and of the relation in which they stood to him, whether 

 domesticated or wild, or if we would form any idea of the 

 social and intellectual condition of man himself — whether in 

 those ages he led the life of a mere savage whose existence de- 

 pended upon the success of the chase, who starved one day and 

 gorged the next, or whether he possessed the prudence and fore- 

 thought necessary to manage domesticated animals and utilize 

 them so as to meet his ever-recurring wants. These and other 

 questions connected with the early condition of man in this 

 country can only be solved by strictly examining and, as far as 

 possible, identifying the animal remains, not of the shell-mounds 

 only, but of the tumuli and cairns. I am the more impressed 

 with this, because all the bones of the pig from tumuli and old 

 burying-places that have come into my hands have pertained to 

 a small race. To give one instance : some years ago a group of 

 cinerary urns, each containing calcined bones, were discovered 

 near St. Andrews. In one of the trenches dug at this place a 

 mass of broken bones of different animals was turned up; 

 amongst them there were a considerable number of bones of the 

 pig, and they appeared to me without an exception to belong to 

 a small race. Some of these remains presented the same marks 

 of domesticity as those forming the subject of the present no- 

 tice, so far at least that the crowns of the third molars were 

 much worn down : this is said by Riitimeyer to be a reliable 

 mark in determining whether the pig to which they belonged 

 had been in an independent or in a domesticated state. The 

 following measurement will show the relative sizes of the teeth of 

 the pig of this mound and those of Riitimeyer's pig of the Tur- 

 baries and Gastaldi's of the marl-beds : — 



Upper maxillary. 



Small Pig 

 of the Tur- 

 baries. 



Typical Pig 

 or the Tur- 

 baries. 



Pig of the 

 marl-beds. 



Pig of the 



shell- 

 mound of 

 St. An- 

 drews. 



Length of three molars together. 



„ third molar alone 



„ molars 2 and 1, and 1 

 premolars 4 and 3. J 



60-67 

 26-34 



56-60 



65-77 

 30-40 



59-68 



63 



29 



60 



60-63 

 26-30 



57 



Of the bones of the Sheep, we have part of a cranium, which, 

 like that of the Horse, has been broken across by the orbits. 

 The greater part of the occipital has been torn away, and the 

 horn-cores are broken off near the roots. There is also a piece 

 of a lower jaw containing the molar teeth. Besides these frag- 



