Mounds at St, Andrews. 329 



have been larger, too, than the race of dogs that have left their 

 remains in the marl-beds of Italy. 



The bones of the Fox were scarcer than those of the Dog ; other- 

 wise they were in much the same condition. So far as the evi- 

 dence afforded by a few bones, nearly all broken, can be relied 

 on, it seems that the Fox of the period was somewhat less than 

 the present species, as may be seen from the subjoined length of 

 the tibia, the only bone entire, compared with the length of the 

 tibia of the common fox : — 



millims. 

 Length of tibia of fox . . . . 132 

 „ „ present fox . . 155 



It may be remarked that the fox of the lake-dwellings, accord- 

 ing to Riitimeyer, was also smaller than the present species. 



Of the Cat there were only three bones unbroken ; they con- 

 sist of a humerus, an ulna, and a radius : the humerus and ulna 

 are those of the right side, and may be of the same individual. 

 The radius, from its length, has apparently belonged to a larger 

 specimen. From their size and muscular ridges it is clear that 

 they are the bones of a larger and stronger species than the do- 

 mestic cat, which is said not to have been known in Europe until 

 about the ninth century. The following are the lengths of the 

 bones : — * 



Common Shell-mound 

 Cat. Cat. 



millims. millims. 



Humerus: from edge of inner con- \o* qk 

 dyle to over the head . . J 



Radius 81 93 



Ulna 97 104 



The remains of the Deer admitting of identification consists 

 of a piece of a large horn considerably thicker than the horn of 

 the present red deer ; one end of it bears the marks of numerous 

 blows struck by a cutting instrument. The cuts are oblique, 

 but, appear to have been deep enough to admit of the horn being 

 broken in two. The bones of the birds are all those of large 

 species : one or two of them appear to be parts of the shafts of 

 leg-bones ; another is the proximal end of an ulna, and has per- 

 tained to a bird somewhat larger than the Eider duck. 



Part II. 



Having in the first part of this paper briefly described the 

 animal remains found associated with stone implements and pot- 

 tery in the shell -mound at St. Andrews, it is now of import- 

 ance to direct attention more fully to the nature of these imple- 



