﻿Forces 
  produced 
  hy 
  Flowing 
  Solutions, 
  591 
  

  

  obtained; 
  in 
  this 
  case 
  the 
  platinum 
  electrodes 
  in 
  the 
  side 
  

   tubes 
  were 
  not 
  in 
  contact 
  with 
  flowing 
  but 
  with 
  resting 
  

   liquid. 
  The 
  results 
  showing 
  closest 
  agreement 
  with 
  theory 
  

   were 
  obtained 
  with 
  electrodes 
  consisting 
  o£ 
  thin 
  platinum 
  

   wires 
  fused 
  directly 
  into 
  the 
  capillary 
  tubes, 
  the 
  alteration 
  in 
  

   the 
  capillary 
  being 
  made 
  as 
  small 
  as 
  possible. 
  External 
  

   contact 
  was 
  improved 
  by 
  surrounding 
  the 
  portion 
  ot 
  tube 
  

   containing 
  the 
  electrode 
  with 
  tinfoil, 
  with 
  copper 
  wire 
  

   as 
  binding 
  material; 
  this 
  was 
  connected 
  to 
  the 
  electro- 
  

   meter. 
  

  

  The 
  vessel 
  used 
  to 
  contain 
  the 
  liquid 
  under 
  examination 
  

   was 
  a 
  five-litre 
  bottle 
  of 
  Jena 
  glass, 
  closed 
  by 
  a 
  two-holed 
  

   rubber 
  cork, 
  which 
  was 
  held 
  in 
  position 
  when 
  under 
  pressure 
  

   by 
  a 
  simple 
  clamp. 
  A 
  short 
  glass 
  tube 
  dipping 
  just 
  below 
  

   the 
  cork 
  connected 
  the 
  vessel 
  with 
  the 
  pressure 
  apparatus. 
  

   A 
  second 
  wide 
  tube, 
  reaching 
  to 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  vessel, 
  

   was 
  joined 
  by 
  pressure 
  tubing 
  with 
  the 
  capillary, 
  which 
  was 
  

   clamped 
  in 
  a 
  horizontal 
  position. 
  At 
  first 
  the 
  device 
  employed 
  

   by 
  Haga 
  (loe. 
  cit.) 
  was 
  tried, 
  the 
  capillary 
  tube 
  was 
  connected 
  

   between 
  two 
  similar 
  flasks, 
  and 
  the 
  liquid 
  forced 
  backwards 
  

   and 
  forwards 
  between 
  them. 
  However, 
  with 
  this 
  method 
  

   contradictory 
  results 
  were 
  obtained, 
  probably 
  attributable 
  to 
  

   the 
  " 
  waterfall 
  electricity 
  " 
  effect 
  observed 
  by 
  Lenard 
  or 
  the 
  

   similar 
  effect 
  observed 
  by 
  Elster*. 
  It 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  

   curious 
  results 
  obtained 
  by 
  Hagaf 
  are 
  attributable 
  to 
  one 
  or 
  

   other 
  of 
  these 
  causes. 
  JFor 
  the 
  same 
  reasons 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  

   necessary 
  to 
  prevent 
  the 
  liquid 
  flowing 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  capillary 
  

   from 
  impinging 
  on 
  any 
  surface, 
  before 
  it 
  was 
  broken 
  up 
  

   into 
  drops. 
  

  

  The 
  pressure 
  arrangement 
  consisted 
  of 
  an 
  ordinary 
  pressure 
  

   bomb 
  containing 
  compressed 
  air 
  (freed 
  from 
  carbon 
  dioxide) 
  

   up 
  to 
  a 
  hundred 
  atmospheres 
  pressure. 
  The 
  adjustment 
  was 
  

   made 
  with 
  a 
  Le 
  Rossignol 
  % 
  valve, 
  which, 
  since 
  it 
  contains 
  a 
  

   barrel 
  with 
  the 
  small 
  angle 
  of 
  4°, 
  allows 
  a 
  very 
  fine 
  adjust- 
  

   ment, 
  and 
  gives 
  fairly 
  constant 
  pressures 
  even 
  with 
  such 
  

   slight 
  outflow 
  of 
  gas 
  as 
  was 
  required 
  in 
  these 
  experiments. 
  

   Between 
  the 
  valve 
  and 
  the 
  five-litre 
  vessel 
  were 
  inserted 
  an 
  

   open 
  mercury 
  manometer 
  reading 
  to 
  one 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  atmo- 
  

   sphere, 
  a 
  simple 
  safety-valve 
  consisting 
  of 
  a 
  glass 
  tube 
  

   dipping 
  below 
  mercury, 
  and 
  an 
  outlet 
  tube, 
  joined 
  to 
  pressure 
  

   tubing, 
  closed 
  by 
  a 
  screw-clamp. 
  

  

  * 
  Wied. 
  Ann. 
  xl 
  p. 
  553 
  (1879). 
  

  

  t 
  Loc. 
  cit 
  p. 
  328. 
  

  

  X 
  Chem. 
  Zeit. 
  no. 
  69, 
  1908. 
  

  

  