﻿40 
  . 
  Dr. 
  A. 
  (;. 
  Crehore 
  on 
  the 
  Formation 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  any 
  distance. 
  It 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  observed 
  that 
  the 
  second 
  and 
  

  

  fourth 
  power 
  terms 
  exactly 
  cancel 
  each 
  other, 
  leaving 
  the 
  

  

  total 
  force 
  controlled 
  by 
  the 
  principal 
  term 
  denoting 
  a 
  

  

  repulsion, 
  and 
  varying 
  as 
  the 
  inverse 
  sixth 
  power 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  distance. 
  For 
  very 
  small 
  values 
  of 
  v 
  the 
  series 
  is 
  not 
  

  

  rapidly 
  convergent. 
  If 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  v 
  is 
  4, 
  the 
  positive 
  

  

  spheres 
  just 
  touch 
  each 
  other, 
  and 
  at 
  this 
  distance, 
  by 
  the 
  

  

  e 
  2 
  

   first 
  equation, 
  F= 
  — 
  - 
  008-^. 
  That 
  is, 
  the 
  whole 
  repulsion 
  

  

  between 
  the 
  atoms, 
  containing 
  in 
  all 
  four 
  electrons, 
  even 
  

  

  when 
  in 
  contact 
  is 
  only 
  8/1000 
  of 
  the 
  repulsion 
  that 
  exists 
  

  

  between 
  two 
  free 
  electrons 
  at 
  one 
  quarter 
  the 
  distance, 
  

  

  or 
  about 
  l/8th 
  of 
  the 
  repulsion 
  there 
  is 
  between 
  two 
  

  

  electrons 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  distance. 
  To 
  illustrate 
  the 
  very 
  rapid 
  

  

  decrease 
  of 
  the 
  repulsion 
  with 
  the 
  distance, 
  when 
  the 
  second 
  

  

  atom 
  is 
  1000 
  radii 
  distant 
  from 
  the 
  first 
  the 
  repulsion 
  is 
  

  

  e 
  2 
  

   45x10 
  18 
  -2, 
  and 
  the 
  repulsion 
  between 
  two 
  free 
  electrons 
  

  

  a 
  e 
  2 
  

  

  at 
  the 
  same 
  distance 
  is 
  10~ 
  6 
  x 
  — 
  9 
  , 
  which 
  is 
  2'2x 
  10 
  10 
  times 
  

  

  a 
  2 
  

  

  greater 
  than 
  the 
  actual 
  repulsion 
  between 
  the 
  atoms. 
  

  

  If 
  the 
  electrons 
  in 
  the 
  two 
  atoms 
  are 
  now 
  supposed 
  to 
  

   revolve 
  around 
  the 
  common 
  axis, 
  new 
  forces 
  are 
  brought 
  

   into 
  existence 
  which 
  oppose 
  the 
  electrostatic 
  forces, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  

   shown, 
  by 
  considering 
  these 
  new 
  forces 
  alone 
  which 
  are 
  due 
  

   to 
  the 
  revolution, 
  that 
  their 
  effect 
  upon 
  the 
  atoms 
  as 
  a 
  whole 
  

   produces 
  a 
  resulting 
  attraction 
  varying, 
  not 
  as 
  the 
  inverse 
  

   sixth 
  power, 
  but 
  as 
  the 
  inverse 
  fourth 
  power 
  of 
  the 
  distance 
  

   between 
  them. 
  Because 
  of 
  this 
  difference 
  between 
  the 
  two 
  

   laws 
  of 
  variation 
  of 
  the 
  forces 
  with 
  the 
  distance, 
  it 
  is 
  evident 
  

   that 
  at 
  great 
  distances 
  the 
  attraction 
  between 
  the 
  atoms 
  must 
  

   exceed 
  the 
  repulsion, 
  and 
  at 
  small 
  distances 
  the 
  repulsion 
  

   must 
  be 
  greater. 
  At 
  a 
  certain 
  definite 
  distance, 
  therefore, 
  

   the 
  repulsion 
  exactly 
  balances 
  the 
  attraction, 
  allowing 
  the 
  

   atoms 
  to 
  come 
  to 
  equilibrium 
  at 
  this 
  distance. 
  It 
  is 
  shown 
  

   later 
  that 
  the 
  equilibrium 
  is 
  not 
  stable 
  in 
  this 
  position, 
  but 
  

   this 
  does 
  not 
  invalidate 
  the 
  general 
  conclusions 
  now 
  under 
  

   consideration. 
  The 
  fixed 
  distance 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  atoms 
  finally 
  

   come 
  to 
  stable 
  equilibrium 
  depends 
  entirely 
  upon 
  the 
  speed 
  

   of 
  the 
  electrons 
  in 
  their 
  orbits, 
  but 
  the 
  distance 
  is 
  probably 
  

   many 
  times 
  greater 
  than 
  the 
  radius 
  of 
  the 
  orbit. 
  This 
  

   distance 
  between 
  the 
  atoms 
  may 
  be 
  regarded 
  as 
  of 
  the 
  

   order 
  of 
  magnitude 
  of 
  the 
  dimensions 
  of 
  molecules 
  which 
  

   are 
  thus 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  an 
  entirely 
  different 
  order 
  of 
  magnitude 
  

   from 
  the 
  atoms 
  of 
  which 
  they 
  are 
  composed. 
  

  

  The 
  attractive 
  force 
  varying 
  as 
  the 
  inverse 
  fourth 
  power 
  of 
  

  

  