﻿Molecules 
  of 
  the 
  Elements 
  and 
  their 
  Compounds. 
  53 
  

  

  were 
  large 
  numbers 
  of 
  electrons 
  in 
  each 
  atom, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  

   not 
  a 
  difficult 
  matter 
  to 
  imagine 
  that 
  it 
  might 
  gain 
  or 
  

   lose 
  one. 
  This 
  was 
  because 
  no 
  explanation 
  was 
  given 
  of 
  the 
  

   manner 
  in 
  which 
  they 
  were 
  held 
  within 
  the 
  atom 
  itself. 
  

   But, 
  with 
  smaller 
  numbers, 
  each 
  electron 
  makes 
  itself 
  

   distinctly 
  felt 
  in 
  determining 
  the 
  characteristics 
  of 
  the 
  atom. 
  

   The 
  supposition 
  of 
  the 
  loss 
  of 
  electrons 
  is 
  made 
  to 
  confer 
  

   upon 
  the 
  atom 
  an 
  electrical 
  charge 
  which 
  is 
  not 
  neutralized 
  

   or 
  of 
  zero 
  value 
  for 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  allowing 
  the 
  atom 
  to 
  be 
  

   attracted 
  or 
  repelled, 
  as 
  they 
  are 
  observed 
  to 
  be 
  in 
  an 
  ionized 
  

   gas. 
  The 
  assumption 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  made 
  by 
  those 
  

   advocating 
  this 
  theory, 
  that 
  because 
  a 
  normal 
  atom 
  is 
  

   neutral, 
  the 
  total 
  sum 
  of 
  its 
  charges 
  being 
  zero, 
  such 
  an 
  

   atom 
  is 
  not 
  attracted 
  or 
  repelled 
  by 
  a 
  free 
  outside 
  charge. 
  

   The 
  equations 
  show 
  that 
  each 
  neutral 
  atom 
  may 
  be 
  either 
  

   attracted 
  or 
  repelled 
  by 
  an 
  outside 
  charge 
  depending 
  upon 
  

   their 
  relative 
  positions, 
  provided 
  they 
  are 
  within 
  molecular 
  

   range 
  of 
  each 
  other. 
  The 
  reason 
  for 
  this 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  

   that 
  it 
  leads 
  to 
  a 
  false 
  conclusion, 
  to 
  assume 
  that 
  all 
  the 
  

   charge 
  in 
  an 
  atom 
  has 
  an 
  effect 
  equivalent 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   same 
  charge 
  situated 
  at 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  its 
  sphere. 
  The 
  force 
  

   is 
  due 
  solely 
  to 
  the 
  electrostatic 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  charges 
  

   within 
  the 
  atom, 
  and 
  not 
  to 
  their 
  motion. 
  The 
  values 
  of 
  

   this 
  force 
  for 
  the 
  different 
  atoms, 
  both 
  along 
  and 
  perpen- 
  

   dicular 
  to 
  the 
  line 
  joining 
  the 
  centres 
  of 
  the 
  atom 
  and 
  

   charge, 
  have 
  been 
  calculated, 
  and 
  are 
  given 
  by 
  (61) 
  and 
  (62) 
  

   respectively. 
  They 
  show 
  that 
  a 
  positive 
  charge 
  is 
  attracted 
  

   by 
  any 
  atom 
  when 
  situated 
  on 
  its 
  equator, 
  and 
  is 
  repelled 
  

   when 
  on 
  its 
  axis. 
  At 
  large 
  distances 
  there 
  is 
  an 
  angle 
  

   36° 
  18' 
  of 
  latitude 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  force 
  changes 
  sign, 
  passing 
  

   through 
  a 
  zero 
  value. 
  At 
  the 
  limits 
  of 
  molecular 
  range 
  the 
  

   force 
  varies 
  as 
  the 
  inverse 
  fourth 
  power 
  of 
  the 
  distance. 
  

   AVith 
  decreasing 
  distance 
  the 
  force 
  does 
  not 
  change 
  sign, 
  

   at 
  least 
  until 
  the 
  charge 
  approaches 
  very 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  atom. 
  

   The 
  equations 
  in 
  their 
  present 
  form 
  unfortunately 
  tell 
  us 
  

   nothing 
  about 
  the 
  force 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  atom, 
  since 
  the 
  series 
  

   is 
  not 
  convergent, 
  and 
  what 
  becomes 
  of 
  a 
  charge 
  drawn 
  

   toward 
  an 
  atom, 
  thus 
  forming 
  an 
  ion, 
  remains 
  an 
  unsolved 
  

   problem. 
  

  

  The 
  Angular 
  and 
  Linear 
  Velocities 
  of 
  the 
  Electrons 
  

   within 
  the 
  Atoms. 
  

  

  A 
  determination 
  of 
  the 
  angular 
  velocity 
  of 
  the 
  electrons 
  

   within 
  the 
  atoms 
  is 
  much 
  more 
  certain 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   linear 
  velocity, 
  according 
  to 
  this 
  theory 
  of 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  

  

  