﻿136 
  Range 
  and 
  Sharpness 
  of 
  Resonance 
  under 
  Forcing. 
  

  

  In 
  October 
  last 
  Mr. 
  D. 
  J. 
  Blaikley 
  (Messrs. 
  Boosey 
  & 
  Co., 
  

   Ltd.) 
  was 
  good 
  enough 
  to 
  sound 
  notes 
  on 
  five 
  instruments 
  

   in 
  the 
  writer's 
  hearing, 
  the 
  pitches 
  being 
  settled 
  by 
  a 
  

   harmonium. 
  Mr. 
  E. 
  C. 
  Pickerill 
  (Trumpeter 
  in 
  the 
  Halle 
  

   Orchestra) 
  also 
  tried 
  effects 
  on 
  the 
  cornet, 
  and 
  kindly 
  com- 
  

   municated 
  the 
  results. 
  In 
  addition, 
  as 
  a 
  corroboration 
  and 
  

   for 
  the 
  sake 
  of 
  actual 
  experience 
  of 
  the 
  feel 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  

   notes, 
  all 
  the 
  six 
  types 
  of 
  instruments 
  were 
  personally 
  tested 
  

   by 
  the 
  writer, 
  the 
  pitches 
  being 
  determined 
  by 
  harmonium 
  

   or 
  piano, 
  a 
  witness 
  being 
  also 
  at 
  hand 
  to 
  attest 
  the 
  correct- 
  

   ness 
  of 
  the 
  effects 
  recorded. 
  

  

  The 
  combined 
  results 
  are 
  given 
  in 
  Table 
  Y., 
  the 
  term 
  

   open 
  referring 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  no 
  valves 
  were 
  in 
  use 
  nor 
  any 
  

   slide 
  drawn 
  out 
  to 
  produce 
  the 
  notes 
  in 
  question. 
  The 
  figures 
  

   in 
  brackets 
  give 
  the 
  frequencies. 
  

  

  It 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  that 
  the 
  resonance 
  is 
  considerably 
  spread 
  

   on 
  the 
  lower 
  notes 
  of 
  all 
  these 
  instruments. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  trumpet, 
  cornet, 
  French 
  horn, 
  and 
  

   trombone, 
  the 
  spreading 
  is 
  almost 
  entirely 
  below 
  the 
  nominal 
  

   pitches, 
  and 
  all 
  these 
  instruments 
  have 
  much 
  narrow 
  tubing 
  

   which 
  is 
  almost 
  parallel. 
  In 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  trombone, 
  

   the 
  anomalous 
  note 
  under 
  discussion 
  was 
  just 
  reached 
  by 
  

   Mr. 
  Blaikley 
  as 
  a 
  spreading 
  downward* 
  ot 
  the 
  continuous 
  

   resonance 
  from 
  note 
  2 
  ! 
  A 
  different 
  make 
  of 
  trombone, 
  

   under 
  the 
  writer's 
  inferior 
  skill, 
  failed 
  at 
  a 
  whole 
  tone 
  above 
  

   this 
  pitch. 
  

  

  We 
  consider 
  next 
  the 
  euphonion 
  and 
  bombardon, 
  instru- 
  

   ments 
  characterized 
  by 
  large 
  conical 
  tubing. 
  The 
  two 
  

   euphonions 
  tried 
  gave 
  almost 
  identical 
  results, 
  the 
  anomalous 
  

   note 
  being 
  in 
  each 
  case 
  easily 
  obtained 
  as 
  an 
  upward 
  spread- 
  

   ing 
  of 
  the 
  continuous 
  resonance 
  of 
  the 
  pedal, 
  which 
  was 
  

   obviously 
  sharper 
  than 
  the 
  nominal 
  pitch 
  (corresponding 
  to 
  

   1 
  or 
  0). 
  The 
  writer's 
  experience 
  of 
  these 
  lower 
  notes 
  of 
  the 
  

   euphonion 
  was 
  that 
  the 
  middle 
  four 
  (B, 
  C, 
  C#, 
  D) 
  came 
  

   fairly 
  bright 
  and 
  full, 
  the 
  extreme 
  pitches 
  reached 
  (A 
  and 
  E) 
  

   were 
  poor 
  notes. 
  It 
  was 
  distinctly 
  felt 
  that 
  the 
  best 
  re- 
  

   sonance 
  was 
  in 
  the 
  middle, 
  tailing 
  off 
  at 
  the 
  ends, 
  the 
  whole 
  

   being 
  a 
  single 
  spread 
  resonance 
  of 
  considerable 
  range. 
  

  

  With 
  the 
  low 
  notes 
  of 
  the 
  bombardon 
  in 
  E 
  t>, 
  considerable 
  

   difficulty 
  may 
  be 
  experienced 
  in 
  forcing 
  the 
  notes 
  out 
  of 
  tune, 
  

   for 
  the 
  internal 
  volume 
  of 
  the 
  instrument 
  is 
  nearly 
  three 
  times 
  

   that 
  of 
  the 
  euphonion 
  ; 
  hence 
  the 
  mass 
  of 
  air 
  to 
  be 
  set 
  in 
  

   vibration 
  is 
  correspondingly 
  increased 
  and 
  is 
  felt 
  to 
  be 
  some- 
  

   what 
  unmanageable. 
  But, 
  after 
  a 
  few 
  trials, 
  both 
  the 
  writer 
  

   and 
  a 
  colleague, 
  Mr. 
  Ambrose 
  Wilkinson, 
  B.Sc, 
  obtained 
  

   spread 
  resonances 
  for 
  the 
  pedal 
  and 
  for 
  note 
  2, 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  

   the 
  table. 
  

  

  