﻿On 
  tlte 
  Intrinsic 
  Optical 
  Rotativity 
  of 
  Solutions. 
  535 
  1 
  

  

  by 
  the 
  expulsion 
  o£ 
  a 
  ft 
  ray 
  or 
  by 
  a 
  rayless 
  change. 
  In. 
  the^ 
  

   latter 
  case 
  the 
  product 
  would 
  belong 
  to 
  the 
  third 
  group, 
  and 
  

   would 
  be 
  actinium 
  itself 
  or 
  a 
  product 
  non-separable 
  from 
  it. 
  

  

  Summary. 
  

  

  1. 
  The 
  existence 
  of 
  a 
  new 
  radio-active 
  disintegration 
  

   product, 
  uranium 
  X 
  2 
  , 
  discovered 
  by 
  Fajans 
  and 
  Gohring,, 
  

   has 
  been 
  confirmed. 
  

  

  2. 
  Its 
  period 
  of 
  average 
  life 
  is 
  1*6 
  minutes 
  and 
  its 
  period 
  

   of 
  half- 
  value 
  is 
  1*1 
  minutes. 
  

  

  3. 
  The 
  hard 
  ft 
  rays 
  of 
  uranium 
  X 
  come 
  from 
  uranium 
  X 
  2 
  

   as 
  found 
  by 
  Fajans 
  and 
  Gohring, 
  and 
  the 
  soft 
  (ft) 
  rays 
  come 
  

   from 
  uranium 
  X 
  x 
  . 
  

  

  4. 
  Hence 
  uranium 
  X 
  2 
  cannot 
  be 
  the 
  parent 
  of 
  actinium. 
  

  

  It 
  gives 
  me 
  much 
  pleasure 
  to 
  acknowledge 
  my 
  indebtedness- 
  

   to 
  Mr. 
  F. 
  Soddy, 
  F.R.S., 
  for 
  his 
  stimulating 
  interest 
  and 
  

   advice. 
  

  

  Physical 
  Chemistry 
  Department, 
  

  

  Glasgow 
  University. 
  

  

  July 
  1913. 
  

  

  XLI. 
  On 
  the 
  Intrinsic 
  Optical 
  Rotativity 
  of 
  Solutions. 
  

   By 
  G. 
  H. 
  Livens, 
  B.A., 
  Fellow 
  of 
  Jesus 
  College, 
  Cambridge*. 
  

  

  IN 
  a 
  recent 
  communication 
  to 
  this 
  journal 
  a 
  theory 
  of 
  the 
  

   intrinsic 
  rotational 
  optical 
  activity 
  of 
  a 
  substance 
  in 
  

   solution 
  was 
  developed, 
  and 
  a 
  formula 
  obtained 
  which 
  

   appeared 
  to 
  provide 
  a 
  simple 
  explanation 
  of 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  

   complications 
  arising 
  in 
  the 
  actual 
  experimental 
  cases. 
  This 
  

   theory 
  did 
  not, 
  however, 
  appear 
  sufficiently 
  general 
  to 
  

   include 
  all 
  the 
  irregularities 
  in 
  the 
  actual 
  phenomena, 
  and 
  

   further 
  investigation 
  seemed 
  necessary. 
  

  

  As 
  is 
  well 
  known, 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  suggestions 
  have 
  

   already 
  been 
  made 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  the 
  phenomena 
  under 
  

   discussion, 
  but 
  each 
  of 
  them 
  appears 
  to 
  fail 
  in 
  certain 
  more 
  

   or 
  less 
  well-defined 
  cases. 
  I 
  thought, 
  however, 
  that 
  a 
  recon- 
  

   sideration 
  of 
  these 
  suggestions 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  formula 
  

   might 
  lead 
  to 
  a 
  complete 
  explanation 
  of 
  the 
  apparently 
  

   anomalous 
  behaviour 
  of 
  active 
  substances 
  in 
  solution. 
  

  

  The 
  numerous 
  complexities 
  which 
  the 
  specific 
  rotation 
  of 
  

   dissolved 
  substances 
  exhibit 
  may 
  have 
  their 
  origin 
  in 
  different 
  

   processes 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  active 
  and 
  inactive 
  

   substances. 
  All 
  possible 
  processes 
  which 
  are 
  involved 
  in 
  

  

  * 
  Communicated 
  by 
  the 
  Author. 
  

  

  