﻿Gyroscopic Theory of Atoms and Molecules. 317 



no argument against this atomic conception. The immense 

 difficulties of: obtaining the desired positive proof will be 

 evident to anyone who attempts it. The introduction of the 

 magnetic forces with the conception of polarity in addition 

 to the electrostatic forces is the source of the difficulty. 



X-ray Spectra. 



It seems as if the discovery of Prof. Laue * of a method 

 of measuring the frequencies of the X-rays by the use of 

 crystals is destined to give experimental measurements 

 which will eventually provide a complete working atomic 

 theory. I have endeavoured to account on this theory of 

 the atom for the series of X-ray spectra as determined by 

 Mosel^y f , and have worked out a distribution of the elec- 

 trons within the positive electricity to account for his two 

 principal series, the Ka and the L^. Moseley has given the 

 general equation 



*=A(N-&) 2 (1) 



as representing approximately the experimental measure- 

 ments, where v is the frequency of the X-rays, A and b are 

 constants for a given series, and N is an integer, being a 

 series of ordinals increasing by unity from element to 

 element. This equation gives a straight line by taking p& as 

 abscissa and N as ordinate, and may be written 



N=avi + b . (2) 



where A is replaced by 1/ak 



The manner of finding the possible positions of the elec- 

 trons to give both the observed X-ray and the light spectra 

 in this form of atom may be something like the folio win o-. 

 It is first assumed in common with other theories that there 

 is no radiation of energy when the orbits of the electrons 

 are circular and the motion is in the steady state at a fixed 

 angular velocity. It is the disturbance of this state only 

 which gives rise to the radiation or absorption of energy. 

 It is also assumed that the angular moment of momentum 

 of each electron in every atom is the same and is constant, 

 that is 



7nar n 2 =ki 2 , a constant, (3) 



where m is the mass, co the angular velocity in the orbit, and 

 r n the radius of the orbit of the ring of n electrons. Us is 



* Laue, Friedrich, and Knipping, Munch. Bcr. pp. 303-322 (1912). 

 t H. G. J. Moseley, Phil. M«ig. Dec. 1913, p. 1024; April 1914 

 p. 703. b 



