﻿based on Free Electrons. 1071 



The external magnetic forces due to the separate rings are 

 not so nearly balanced as electrostatic forces, for there is a 

 difference in velocity which implies a difference in the 

 strengths of the equivalent continuous circuits, whereas for 

 electrostatic force only the difference in position exists. If 

 satellites are present there are unbalanced effects of much 

 greater amount, different also for internal and external 

 satellites ; they will be opposite in character to those of the 

 double ring when the direction of revolution is the same, for 

 in the latter the balance is in favour of the positive. To 

 these differences we must look for an explanation of 

 diamagnetic and paramagnetic properties. 



In these two fundamental matters the presence of satel- 

 lites is seen to be influential, and in respect to spectroscopic 

 phenomena their importance is at once evident. 



§ 6. It is proposed to bring forward material bearing on 

 (i.) atomic weights, (ii.) the gravitational constant. 



In respect to (L), contact is sought with the scheme of 

 atomic numbers suggested by van der Broek and developed 

 by Moseley and Bohr. As for the neutral ring there are 

 n ions of mass m Y and n electrons of mass m 2 , the primary 

 measure of mass is n(m l + m 2 ). Since m 1 + m 2 cannot differ 

 much from the mass of the hydrogen atom, a varying factor 

 somewhat greater than 2 is to be accounted for. Consider 

 first the point of view of inertia. 



(a) The equation for internal motion Ne 2 = ??? 1 ft) 2 a 1 3 may 

 be written as ne-/a l 2 = (?z??? ] /N)&> 2 <2 1 = M, i fo 2 a 1 , say; a form in 

 which simplicity is given to the member showing electrical 

 action by modifying the measure of mass. Thus if we treat 

 nM n as mass of the double ring, and seek to identify it with, 

 actual atomic weight, we are supposing this modification of 

 mass to apply to external as well as to internal relations. 

 The modifying factor w/N by which we pass from raj to M„ 

 ranges in value from 1*909 for n = 2 to an asymptotic value 

 2*266, and proceeds with regularity but not at uniform rate. 

 The actual values of the quotient atomic weight ~~ atomic 

 number are irregular, and for n large are in excess of the 

 limit just given : for n not large the modification is on the 

 requisite scale. If the atomic number is taken to be 

 the number n detinino- the double ring, whether with or 

 without centre, or again with or without satellites, there 

 will be various values of N comprised in one group. For 

 example, the case of R„( + ) with 3 satellites would give a 

 sensible reduction of N and a correspondingly increased 

 value of the factor ??/N. Irregularities would then be 



