240 Dr. T. Sterry Hunt on the 



including climate, soil, vegetation, rocks, minerals, and 

 waters; to which he adds that the mediciner, if he would pre- 

 serve the health of his patients and succeed in his art, must 

 investigate " every thing else in nature ".*. 



§ 13. The teachings of Hippocrates and his followers were 

 maintained in the school of Alexandria, where, we are told, 

 the studies were arranged in four divisions or faculties — 

 letters, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine ; under which 

 last, as we know from the history of the Museum, were in- 

 cluded botany, geology, chemistry, optics, and mechanics. 

 The learning of the Alexandrian school was preserved by the 

 Jews and the Nestorians, and by them handed down to the 

 Arabians, who brought it with them into Southern Europe. 

 It suffices to speak of Djafar, Rhazes, Avicenna, and, later, of 

 the schools of Salerno, Cordova, Montpellier, Narbonne, and 

 Aries, where were gathered together men famed alike in 

 medicine, anatomy, zoology, botany, optics, mechanics, and 

 astronomy, who merited in the widest sense the name which 

 they then bore, of physicians ; since they were not simply 

 iatrophysicians, but philosophers who had taken all natural 

 science for their province. Draper, speaking of the Arabians 

 of that age, says: — " Their physicians were their great philo- 

 sophers ; their medical colleges were their foci of learning." 

 ''Arab science emerged out of medicine; and in its cultivation 

 physicians took the lead, its beginnings being in the pursuit 

 of alchemy "f. It is to be noted that Chaucer's doctor of 

 physic (§9) was not only learned in astronomy and read in 

 the works of the Greeks, Hippocrates, Galen, Rufus, and 

 Dioscorides, but knew well those of Ali, Avicenna, Averroes, 

 Ehazes, and Damascenus, all of them renowned Arab rnedi- 

 ciners and natural philosophers. 



§ 14. The French language, as we have seen, soon came to 

 distinguish between the physician and the professional healer 

 of diseases. From medicare came the mediaeval Latin verb 

 medicinare, whence the French verb medeciner and the sub- 

 stantive medecin, corresponding to which we find in German 

 and in English the substantive mediciner. Sir Walter Scott 

 puts into the mouth of King Richard the words " It is unbe- 

 coming a mediciner of thine eminence to interfere with the 

 practice of another "J; and Jamieson gives a Scotch proverb, 

 " Live in measure and laugh at the mediciners "§. It is to 



* Hippocrates ' On Airs, Waters, and Localities/ sections 1-8. 



t Draper, ' Intellectual Development of Europe,' i. c. 13 j ii. c. 4. 



% 'The Talisman,' chap, xviii. 



§ Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary lias Medcinare, Medicinar, and Medi- 

 ciner, meaning the practitioner of medicine, thus showing a derivation 

 from the Latin verb medicinare, the second rowel being dropped in the first 

 form. 



